ÿWPC¾ (YÊØDªÞ8OEßHÏ‹ÈáqâYôžG$ânE·HáÛïâáBë6a¬­N¦![ Ar©S™3w¯;?ªAÖ?º/¿š¬­á=Ú(÷&»)‰±2R ×ö2ß0èS[gþÉÉr¡EO4J£J\f‚”ŸÍKÂÇÎ,‰y· ’qàMê0¿üs4E`5-nýlYˆ‹@×˩凟>Hê²·èߦE°òõ½ï†äãêDy¢:>F^K1R{ 5¤$Ñ‹¬h)M±åñ³Ý(~åÒª¬Å,‡Û:ͧý&+Mÿ°{ÕYÝC×( Ìhr˜òÙ“¦g‘²œ;ä¶!î£ùb¯¨þB«1³¦>Y v7R±àAI- Ñô†¥ÍÆÇ|l LŠ(áÙLB•Š!.Šg!lè…+ ¿ùŒË…´F<êp[(]ýœ ¼Îëñ¨»•å(Pc¢¡|Xcòíõ5c]–w*aÍ´Ú¯y«‰/—™Zòí¾ ÎW.˧w„úïr~¯R„=³Ðór÷iøÜÞV¯eù™w£SA@¨o9Ê~¡RÕXsyþ¶w¨ônóY1J^Ums\'=}õª/·d€`.1ÊTû¬úÓÂÓ%®R!lÿŸ—UÞX¥b %\UNb 0ˆ°U2N8^ †w’4– zªÒ$ ö  m #Á Æß Æ¥ Æk Æ1V÷NùNû zýEwÒyy &K bq 1uÓ H P 0cX » Ã Ë Ó Û ã  ë  õ  ÿ ^  0Dg «б±±b 72‰‰‰‰‰‰‰‰‰‰‰‰‰‰‰‰‰‰‰‰‰‰‰‰‰‰‰‰‰‰‰‰‰‰‰ 0ë»»»» B ¦¦ 0¤Ã D3g D-š 0KÇÇ ASÆe 0¤+ 0DÏ A«»(ÖÃ9 Z ‹6Times New Roman Regular(`£ª$¡¡Ñ€.ÑÑ8€½­»»d»»d8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  Ó(í€"  Z6Times New Roman Regularf¢û(L NÞ(Ü… ä…¡ ˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wpt3|xÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ˜HP LaserJet 4 Plus,ð,,,,,ð0Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5‚Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5„Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5…Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wpt\Opinion Summary?\Appellants Attorney Name & Appellant's Name.3#37=CIQYag­­1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)12(;3£$´´Ô2#ÔÚ  Ú0Ú  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0  à456789101112?\Appellees Attorney Name & Appellee's Name.(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  ÚóóH ÆÝ ƒR%ú$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÔ€Xæ X»»ÔÝ  ÝThe€chancellorððs€findings€are€extensive,€covering€ten€(10)€complete€transcript€pages.- ù-i)(|G2%ú$¤¤Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€..ÑÑ8€âœ»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  ÚóóÔ€Xæ X»»Ô d(|3ù+$££Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€..ÑÑ8€âœ»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝVVVV'ÿÿdxd)!ÈÈÈÈdxdx( ±þ$’’ò òFigure€Ú  Ú1Ú  Úó ó^_X`YEþÿ<<CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(|3ù+$¢¢Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€..ÑÑ8€âœ»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó óX[Z&OLE 2.0 Box <=8ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿCÿÿ HKKKKÝ ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€âœ»»ddÈ8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ€¼✻»»ÔÑ8€æ XXdð»»d8ÑÓ  Óà@@7 7 ìàIN€THE€SUPREME€COURT€OF€TENNESSEEÐ ° ÐSPECIAL€WORKERSðð€COMPENSATION€APPEALS€PANELÐ È ÐÌÔ‡Xæ X»¼âœÔÌò òÔ#†¼✻XXæ z#ÔSAMUEL€D.€Ô_ÔNUNLEYÔ_Ôòòóó€v.€CARRIER€CORPORATIONòòóóÔ‡Xæ X»¼âœÔó óÐ è8 ÐÌà@@¼¼ìàò òChancery€Court€for€Ô_ÔGrundyÔ_Ô€CountyÐ ð @ Ðà@@ôôìàNo.€4697Ð à 0 ÐÌÌà@@ìì*ìàßA€V) °°` d€÷E<¯` AßÐ °  ÐÌNo.€M1999„01640„Ô_ÔWCÔ_Ô„R3„CV€„€Decided€„€July€27,€2000Ð ¯ÿ  ÐÌßA€V) °°` dE<Ž` AßÐ ß  Ðó óÌÓ  ÓÓ  ÓÔ#†¼✻XXæ #ÔÔ‡Xæ X»¼âœÔÌÌÓÓÓ  Óò òJUDGMENTó óÔ#†¼✻XXæ L#ÔÔ‡Xæ X»¼âœÔÐ n¾ ÐÌÓ  ÓÔ#†¼✻XXæ º#ÔÔ€Xæ X»¼âœÔÔ‡Xy XXXæ Ôà  àThis€case€is€before€the€Court€upon€the€entire€record,€including€the€order€of€referral€to€theÐ Nž ÐSpecial€Workersðð€Compensation€Appeals€Panel,€and€the€Panelððs€Memorandum€Opinion€setting€forthÐ :Š Ðits€findings€of€fact€and€conclusions€of€law,€which€are€incorporated€herein€by€reference.Ð &v ÐÌà  àWhereupon,€it€appears€to€the€Court€that€the€Memorandum€Opinion€of€the€Panel€should€beÐ þN Ðaccepted€and€approved;€andÐ ê: ÐÌà  àIt€is,€therefore,€ordered€that€the€Panelððs€findings€of€fact€and€conclusions€of€law€are€adoptedÐ Â Ðand€affirmed,€and€the€decision€of€the€Panel€is€made€the€judgment€of€the€Court.Ð ®þ ÐÌà  àCosts€will€be€paid€by€the€appellant,€for€which€execution€may€issue€if€necessary.Ð †Ö ÐÌà  àIT€IS€SO€ORDERED.Ð ^!®  ÐÌÌÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àPER€CURIAMÐ %^ $ Ðà  àÔ#†Xæ XXXy =#ÔÐ  ú%J!%ýœ ÐÔ‡¼✻XXæ ÔÓ  Óà@@7 7 ìàIN€THE€SUPREME€COURT€OF€TENNESSEEÐ ° ÐSPECIAL€WORKERSðð€COMPENSATION€APPEALS€PANELÐ È Ðà@@ƒƒìàAT€NASHVILLEÔ#†Xæ X»¼✭ #ÔÔ‡¼✻XXæ ÔÐ à0 ÐÔ#†Xæ X»¼✤ #ÔÔ‡¼✻XXæ ÔÔ#†Xæ X»¼âœû #ÔÌò òÔ‡¼✻XXæ ÔÔ#†Xæ X»¼âœA #ÔÔ‡¼✻XXæ ÔÔ% ‡ ÔSAMUEL€D.€Ô_ÔNUNLEYÔ_ÔÔ%†¢ Ô€v.Ô% ‡ Ô€CARRIER€CORPORATIONÔ%†ó ÔÔ#†Xæ X»¼✃ #ÔÔ‡¼✻XXæ ÔÔ#†Xæ X»¼âœH #Ôó óÐ è8 ÐÌà@@¼¼ìàò òDirect€Appeal€from€the€ChanceryÔ% ‡ Ô€Court€Ô%†× Ôfor€Ô% ‡ ÔÔ_ÔGrundyÔ_ÔÔ%† Ô€CountyÐ ð @ Ðà@@ôôìàNo.€Ô% ‡! Ô4697Ô%†!v Ô€€€€€€Ô% ‡" ÔJeffrey€F.€Stewart,€ChancellorÔ%†"ž ÔÐ à 0 ÐÌÌà@@ìì*ìàßA€V) °°` d€÷E<¯` AßÐ °  ÐÌNo.€Ô% ‡# ÔM1999„01640„Ô_ÔWCÔ_Ô„R3„CV€„€Mailed€„Ô%†#^Ô€June€26,€2000Ð ¯ÿ  ÐÔ‡¼✻XXæ ÔÔ#†Xæ X»¼âœÞ#ÔFiled€„€July€27,€2000Ð Ÿï  ÐÌßA€V) °°` dE<~` AßÐ Ï  Ðó óÌÔ% ‡ ÔÓ  ÓÔ%†¥ÔThe€sole€issue€in€this€workers'€compensation€appeal€is€whether€the€chancellor€erred€in€findingÐ ~Î Ðthat€the€plaintiff's€injury€arose€out€of€his€employment€with€Carrier€CorporationÔ‡¼✻XXæ ÔÔ#†Xæ X»¼✒#Ô.€€This€panelÐ n¾ Ðaffirms€the€decision€of€the€trial€judge.Ð ^® ÐÌò òÔ% ‡$ ÔTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€50„6„225(e)€(1999)€Appeal€as€of€RightÔ%†$7Ô;€Judgment€of€the€Ô% ‡% ÔChancery€CourtÐ >Ž ÐAffirmed.Ô%†%¡Ôó óÐ .~ ÐÌòòÓ  ÓKurtz,€Ô_ÔSp.J.Ô_ÔÔ‡¼✻àXæ ÔÔ#†Xæ X.¼âœ?#Ôóó,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€òòÔ% ‡& ÔBirch,€J.Ô%†&¶Ô,óó€and€òòÔ% ‡' ÔLoser,€Ô_ÔSp.J.Ô_ÔÔ%†'éÔóó,€joined.Ð ^ ÐÌÔ% ‡ ÔTimothy€S.€Priest,€Winchester,€Tennessee,€for€the€appellant,€Carrier€Corporation.Ô%†UÔÐ î> ÐÌMichael€Lee€Parsons,€Nashville,€Tennessee,€for€the€appellee,€Samuel€D.€Ô_ÔNunleyÔ_Ô.Ð Î ÐÔ% ‡( ÔÔ%†(]ÔÌÌÓÓÓ  Óò òMEMORANDUM€OPINIONó óÔ‡¼✻XXæ ÔÔ#†Xæ X»¼✱#ÔÐ ž î ÐÌÔ‡¼✻XXæ ÔÔ#†Xæ X»¼✠#ÔÓ  ÓÓÓà  àThis€workers'€compensation€appeal€has€been€referred€to€the€Special€Workers'Ð ~"Î! ÐCompensation€Appeals€Panel€of€the€Supreme€Court€in€accordance€with€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð50„6„Ð ^$®# Ð225(e)(3)€for€hearing€and€reporting€to€the€Supreme€Court€of€findings€of€fact€and€conclusions€ofÐ >&Ž!% Ðlaw.€€For€the€reasons€stated€below,€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court€granting€benefits€is€affirmed.Ô‡¼✻XXæ ÔÔ#†Xæ X»¼âœ#ÔÐ (n#' ÐÔ‡¼✻XXæ ÔÓWÓÔ#†Xæ X»¼âœs#ÔÓ  ÓÓÓà  àThe€employee€initiated€this€action€to€recover€workers'€compensation€benefits€for€an€injuryÐ þ)N%) Ðwhich€he€says€occurred€when€he€was€pushing€some€(copper)€tubes€in€Ô_Ôa[nÔ_Ô€air€conditioning]€unit€andÐ Þ+.'+ Ðfelt€something€pull€in€his€back.€€After€a€trial€before€the€Chancery€Court€for€Ô_ÔGrundyÔ_Ô€County,€theÐ ° ÐÔ_Ôchancellor€held€that€the€plaintiff€should€be€awarded€permanent€partial€disability€benefits€based€onÐ à Ð25%€to€the€body€as€a€whole.€€The€chancellor€found€that€the€plaintiff€was€entitled€to€temporary€totalÐ pÀ Ðdisability€benefits€from€the€date€of€his€surgery€until€the€date€that€he€reached€maximum€medicalÐ P   Ðimprovement€(to€be€off„set€by€payments€already€received),€and€that€the€workers'€compensation€rateÐ 0 € Ðis€$480.80€per€week.€€He€further€found€that€Dr.€Schooley's€treatment€was€unauthorized,€andÐ `  Ðtherefore,€plaintiff€would€bear€the€responsibility€of€any€unpaid€medical€bills.€€However,€theÐ ð@  Ðchancellor€did€order€that€future€medicals€remain€open.€€On€appeal€the€employer€raises€only€the€issueÐ Ð  Ðof€whether€the€appellant€sustained€a€compensable€injury.Ô‡¼✻XXæ ÔÔ#†Xæ X»¼✠#ÔÐ ° ÐÔ% €* ÔÔ‡¼✻XXæ ÔÔ#†Xæ X»¼✘#Ôà  àMr.€Nunley€has€a€history€of€back€problems€dating€back€to€1993.€€On€April€24,€1996,€whileÐ à Ðworking€at€Carrier€Corporation€("Carrier"),€he€sustained€an€injury€to€his€low€back€that€requiredÐ pÀ Ðmedical€treatment.€€At€the€time€of€this€injury,€Mr.€Nunley€was€41€years€old€and€had€worked€atÐ P  ÐCarrier€since€he€graduated€from€high€school,€a€period€of€more€than€20€years.€€He€was€initially€treatedÐ 0€ Ðby€Darlene€Merritt€who€is€a€registered€nurse€employed€by€Carrier€€to€treat€on„the„job€injuries.€€SheÐ ` Ðalso€handles€workers'€compensation€claims.€€Ms.€Merritt€testified€that€she€treated€Mr.€Nunley€whoÐ ð@ Ðwent€to€the€emergency€room€that€same€evening.€€Mr.€Nunley€saw€Ms.€Merritt€again€on€April€26,Ð Ð  Ð1996€to€file€a€workers'€compensation€claim€and€be€referred€to€a€doctor.€€She€referred€him€to€Dr.Ð °"  ÐWarren€McPherson,€M.D.€Ð $à" Ðà  àMr.€Nunley€first€saw€Dr.€McPherson€on€April€29,€1996.€€At€that€time,€Mr.€Nunley€wasÐ p&À!$ Ðexamined€and€had€a€negative€straight€leg€raising€test.€€Dr.€McPherson€reviewed€Mr.€Nunley's€M.R.I.Ð P( #& Ðthat€had€been€performed€on€December€29,€1994€(he€only€saw€the€films€and€did€not€review€theÐ 0*€%( Ðreport).€€He€stated€that€the€M.R.I.€showed€an€abnormality,€but€that€he€determined€Mr.€Nunley€wasÐ ,`'* Ðsuffering€from€muscular€pain€at€the€time€of€his€visit.€€Dr.€McPherson€prescribed€exercises€for€Mr.Ð ° ÐNunley€to€perform€at€home.€€Mr.€Nunley€saw€Dr.€McPherson€again€on€May€28,€1996.€€Dr.Ð à ÐMcPherson€again€concluded€that€Mr.€Nunley€was€suffering€from€muscular€pain,€and€did€not€haveÐ pÀ Ðany€diagnostic€studies€performed€to€rule€out€the€possibility€of€nerve€root€entrapment.€Ð P   Ðà  àMr.€Nunley€continued€to€work€at€Carrier€following€the€reported€accident.€€He€took€a€leaveÐ 0 € Ðof€absence€from€July€8,€1996€through€October€24,€1996€to€spend€time€with€his€son€who€had€terminalÐ `  Ðcancer.€€During€that€time€he€saw€his€personal€doctor€who€treated€him€for€ongoing€back€pain.€€TheÐ ð@  Ðtestimony€indicated€that€he€did€very€little€work€around€the€home€because€his€family€didn't€want€himÐ Ð  Ðto€cause€further€injury€to€his€back.Ð ° Ðà  àDr.€Brandon,€Mr.€Nunley's€personal€doctor,€eventually€referred€him€to€Dr.€William€Schooley,Ð à ÐM.D.,€a€neurosurgeon.€€(Mr.€Nunley€testified€that€he€had€requested€to€see€another€workers'Ð pÀ Ðcompensation€approved€doctor,€but€that€request€was€denied.€€Ms.€Merritt€disputed€this.)€€Dr.Ð P  ÐSchooley€first€saw€Mr.€Nunley€on€December€5,€1996.€€Dr.€Schooley€reviewed€the€M.R.I.€report€fromÐ 0€ ÐDecember€1994€that€showed€"a€mild€bulging€of€the€L3„4€and€the€L5„S1€disc,€producing€old€nerveÐ ` Ðroot€impingement."€€Dr.€Schooley€performed€a€straight€leg€raising€test€that€was€positive.€€He€thenÐ ð@ Ðordered€a€CAT€scan€of€Mr.€Nunley's€back€that€showed€"a€disc€protrusion€typical€of€herniation€at€theÐ Ð  ÐL5„S1€level€with€significant€neural€impingement"€(pinching€of€the€nerve)€and€"severe€narrowing€ofÐ °"  Ðthe€spinal€canal€secondary€to€the€herniation€of€the€disc€and€of€a€congenital€defect€of€having€a€shortÐ $à" Ðpedicle€syndrome€at€that€level."€€Dr.€Schooley€determined€that€surgery€was€necessary;€he€performedÐ p&À!$ Ða€discectomy,€foraminotomy,€and€laminectomy€on€January€15,€1997,€continued€to€treat€Mr.€Nunley,Ð P( #& Ðand€released€him€to€return€to€work€on€April€22,€1997€(At€trial€Mr.€Nunley€testified€that€he€wasÐ 0*€%( Ðworking€at€Carrier€in€the€conversion€group).€€Dr.€Schooley€placed€restrictions€on€Mr.€Nunley€thatÐ ,`'* Ðinclude€not€lifting€more€than€25€pounds€frequently€and€50€pounds€infrequently,€use€of€properÐ ° Ðmechanical€bending€techniques,€supporting€his€weight€when€bending,€not€doing€rotary€motion€at€theÐ à Ðwaist,€and€not€remaining€in€one€position€for€an€extended€period€of€time€(more€than€45€minutes)Ð pÀ Ðeither€seated€or€standing.€€He€rated€Mr.€Nunley's€permanent€medical€impairment€at€10%€to€the€bodyÐ P   Ðas€a€whole.€€Dr.€Nunley€determined€that€the€herniation€of€Mr.€Nunley's€low€back€was€caused€byÐ 0 € Ðbending€and€lifting€at€work.€€à  àOur€review€is€de€novo€upon€the€record€of€the€trial€court,€accompaniedÐ `  Ðby€a€presumption€of€the€correctness€of€the€findings€of€fact,€unless€the€preponderance€of€the€evidenceÐ ð@  Ðis€otherwise.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð50„6„225(e)(2).€€Ð Ð  Ðà  àFirst€of€all,€any€reasonable€doubt€as€to€causation€is€to€be€resolved€in€favor€of€the€employee.€Ð ° ÐòòSeeóóòòAnderson€v.€Save„A„Lot,€Ltd.óó,€989€S.W.2d€277,€279€(Tenn.€1999).€€Furthermore,€in€a€workers'Ð à Ðcompensation€case€the€fact€finder€may€properly€predicate€the€award€on€medical€testimony€to€theÐ pÀ Ðeffect€that€a€given€incident€could€be€the€cause€of€the€claimants'€injury,€when€from€other€evidence,Ð P  Ðit€may€be€reasonably€inferred€that€the€incident€was€in€fact€the€cause€of€the€injury.€€òòSeeóó€òòMcCaleb€v.Ð 0€ ÐSaturn€Corp.óó,€910€S.W.2d€412,€415€(Tenn.€1995).€€€€Ð ` Ðà  àCarrier€does€not€dispute€that€Mr.€Nunley€injured€his€back€at€work€in€April€1996.€€Carrier,Ð ð@ Ðhowever,€argues€that€this€injury€did€not€cause€the€condition€that€was€diagnosed€in€December€1996,Ð Ð  Ðresulting€in€surgery.€€Carrier€asserts€that€Mr.€Nunley€suffered€another€injury€sometime€between€AprilÐ °"  Ð1996€and€December€1996,€and€emphasizes€that€during€this€time€he€was€on€leave€of€absence€fromÐ $à" Ðwork€for€approximately€four€months€(July€8,€1996€through€October€24,€1996).€€Carrier€attempted€toÐ p&À!$ Ðshow€at€trial€that€Mr.€Nunley€injured€his€back€while€lifting€his€terminally€ill€son.€€However,€the€onlyÐ P( #& Ðwitness€testifying€to€this€effect€was€Pasty€Castle€who€stated€that€Mr.€Nunley€told€her€that€"he€hadÐ 0*€%( Ðto€care€and€assist€in€caring"€for€his€son€and€that€this€bothered€his€back.€€There€was€no€testimony€thatÐ ,`'* ÐMr.€Nunley€told€Ms.€Castle€he€had€injured€his€back€or€that€he€had€lifted€his€son.€€Ð ° Ðà  àMr.€and€Mrs.€Nunley€both€testified€that€Mr.€Nunley€suffered€no€injury€during€his€leave€ofÐ à Ðabsence€from€Carrier.€€In€fact,€the€testimony€was€that€Mrs.€Nunley€and€the€children€did€the€necessaryÐ pÀ Ðwork€around€the€house,€allowing€Mr.€Nunley€to€rest€his€back.€€The€Nunleys€also€testified€that€theirÐ P   Ðson's€cancer€did€not€prevent€their€son€from€doing€daily€activities€such€as€getting€out,€driving,€andÐ 0 € Ðmowing€the€yard;€he€was€encouraged€to€be€as€active€as€he€felt€like€being.€€Mr.€Nunley's€assistanceÐ `  Ðto€his€son€was€in€the€form€of€"a€leaning€arm€for€him,€you€might€say,€to€sort€of€support€himself."€Ð ð@  ÐTheir€son€did€not€require€extensive€assistance€such€as€lifting€until€July€1997,€quite€some€timeÐ Ð  Ðfollowing€Mr.€Nunley's€surgery.€€Ð ° Ðà  àThe€chancellor€pointed€out€that€Dr.€McPherson€and€Dr.€Schooley€have€different€opinionsÐ à Ðregarding€causation€of€the€injury.€€He€emphasized€that€Dr.€McPherson€did€not€contradict€Dr.Ð pÀ ÐSchooley's€opinion€that€surgery€was€necessary€at€the€time€it€was€performed,€but€that€Dr.€McPhersonÐ P  Ðstated€that€something€had€changed€in€the€interim.€€As€to€this€dispute€between€the€physiciansÐ 0€ Ðregarding€causation,€the€chancellor€emphasized€that€the€workers'€compensation€laws€are€remedialÐ ` Ðin€nature€and€that€disputes€regarding€causation€are€to€be€resolved€in€favor€of€the€injured€worker.€Ð ð@ ÐImplicitly,€the€chancellor€credited€Dr.€Schooley's€testimony.׃+×Ý ƒ)#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€Ð Ð  Ðà  àThe€chancellor€also€credited€Mr.€Nunley's€testimony€regarding€his€condition€and€that€itÐ °"  Ðgradually€worsened€following€the€April€1996€injury.€€€Ð $à" Ðà  àOur€examination€of€the€record€shows€that€the€evidence€does€not€preponderate€against€theÐ p&À!$ Ðfindings€of€the€trial€judge.€€Therefore,€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court€is€affirmed.€€Costs€are€taxed€toÐ P( #& Ðthe€appellant.ÓÓÐ ° Ðà  à