ÿWPCMG o8ú?Ënù_Øwo.æõB?÷'ù_ØwþK¡¡#—7c—ÉØßÚªè'i#ú¶­ä¨NæÉ²taÚ.hbÅP ¡”ú†ÒSˆ´`Ÿ…n|ùµ‹MK_6ëšÁŸõ×ʰ6¶˜MJE8`ŽùÏgúNÔM÷DwBû$±Tò&0ö°%´vü¦9=”>J=é¼4Æ[*aÁ ú]ìXœ€2¯å3²})Ñ«FcµÁ+W çeÿ‰ª°èÈZfL—>ûC#“EÍîÐÌ,ÛO_Î͆VÂQÞ{|#ÉÈUN‘ %ß 0:å UN _m 1uÌ 72A^ sw4ƒ—¦¨¨¨b¾ 0DÆÆ m  N! 0U# 0ãx 0Å[ 0¿   0¹ß 0³˜ 0CK 0׎ 0Ôe 0Ñ9 0Î  0ËØ 0È£ 0Åk 0­0 0§Ý 0¡„ 0% 0² 0Ît 0°B 0ªò 0¤œ 0ž@ 0˜Þ 0’v 0Š! 0²’! 0¾D" 0¾# 0>À# 0øþ# 0âö$ 0âØ% 0âº& 0âœ' 0â~( 0º`) 0Ò* 02ì* 0ü+ 0:, 0YT, 0_­, 0  - 0‚. 0˜/ B*ž1 D/È1 D+÷1 0"2 D/(4 0ÎW4 06%5 0[5 0:c6 1e6 0^7 0`7 0<ý7U698U>o8U*­8j×8EA: BC:H`:b¨; 0c D 0VmDVÃDÃDÃDÃDÃDÃDÃDÃDÃDÃDÃDÃDÃDÃDÃDÃDÃDÃDÃDÃDÃDÃDÃDÃDÃDÃDÃDÃDÃD 04G˜\\ib01s01\clerk1nasÈÈ,,,,ÈÈ0(ÖÃ9 Z‹6Times New Roman RegularX(üœ$¡¡ÔUSUS.,Ô(í€"  Z6Times New Roman Regular UÝ ƒRë‚$ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôÈòXXÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔThis€privilege€against€self„incrimination€applies€through€the€Fourteenth€Amendment€to€state€governmentsÐ ° Ðas€well€as€to€the€federal€government.€€òòMalloy€v.€Hoganóó,€378€U.S.€1,€6€(1964).€€3#37=CIQYag­­1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)i)¶b1 „‚–0ê:i¢×+003|x  Uher- ù-(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  ÚóóÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ*+ ÿÿ(_26Ô2ÔÔ3  Ôà..à*G+G ÿÿ(_25Ó ¨ý ÓÓ ° ÓÓ/%` ` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ /ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ôà..àÓ/%` ` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ /ÓÓ ¨ý ÓÓ ° Ó*8+8 ÿÿ(_24Ó  ÓÓ,"¸ ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ ,ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ôà..àÓ,"¸ ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ ,ÓÓ  Ó*5+5 ÿÿ(_23Ó ` ÓÓ) hÀpÈ xÐ )ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ôà..àÓ) hÀpÈ xÐ )ÓÓ ` Ó*2+2 ÿÿ(_22Ó ¸ ÓÓ&hhÀpÈ xÐ &ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ôà..àÓ&hhÀpÈ xÐ &ÓÓ ¸ Ó*/+/ ÿÿ(_21Ó  ÓÓ#ÀÀpÈ xÐ #ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ôà..àÓ#ÀÀpÈ xÐ #ÓÓ  Ó* ÿÿ(_17Ô2ÔÔ3  Ô€*GM ÿÿ(_16Ó ¨ý ÓÓ ° ÓÓ/%` ` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ /ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€Ó  ÓÓ5+° °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5ÓÓ ¨ý Ó*DM ÿÿ(_15Ó ¨ý ÓÓ  ÓÓ,"¸ ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ ,ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€Ó  ÓÓ5+° °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5ÓÓ ¨ý Ó*AM ÿÿ(_14Ó ¨ý ÓÓ ` ÓÓ) hÀpÈ xÐ )ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€Ó  ÓÓ5+° °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5ÓÓ ¨ý Ó*>M ÿÿ(_13Ó ¨ý ÓÓ ¸ ÓÓ&hhÀpÈ xÐ &ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€Ó  ÓÓ5+° °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5ÓÓ ¨ý Ó*;M ÿÿ(_12Ó ¨ý ÓÓ  ÓÓ#ÀÀpÈ xÐ #ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€Ó  ÓÓ5+° °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5ÓÓ ¨ý Ó*8M ÿÿ(_11Ó ¨ý ÓÓ h ÓÓ pÈ xÐ ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€Ó  ÓÓ5+° °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5ÓÓ ¨ý Ó*5M ÿÿ(_10Ó ¨ý ÓÓ À ÓÓppÈ xÐ ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€Ó  ÓÓ5+° °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5ÓÓ ¨ý Ó*,+, ÿÿ(_20Ó h ÓÓ pÈ xÐ ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ôà..àÓ pÈ xÐ ÓÓ h Ó*)+) ÿÿ(_19Ó À ÓÓppÈ xÐ ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ôà..àÓppÈ xÐ ÓÓ À Ó*&+& ÿÿ(_18Ó  ÓÓÈÈ xÐ ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ôà..àÓÈÈ xÐ ÓÓ  Ó(&& ÿÿ&_9Ó  ÓÓÈÈ xÐ ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€ÓÈÈ xÐ ÓÓ  Ó(AA ÿÿ&_8Ó  ÓÓ5+° °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  ÔÓ5+° °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5ÓÓ  Ó(GG ÿÿ&_7Ó ¨ý ÓÓ ° ÓÓ/%` ` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ /ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  ÔÓ/%` ` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ /ÓÓ ¨ý ÓÓ ° Ó(88 ÿÿ&_6Ó  ÓÓ,"¸ ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ ,ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  ÔÓ,"¸ ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ ,ÓÓ  Ó(55 ÿÿ&_5Ó ` ÓÓ) hÀpÈ xÐ )ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  ÔÓ) hÀpÈ xÐ )ÓÓ ` Ó(22 ÿÿ&_4Ó ¸ ÓÓ&hhÀpÈ xÐ &ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  ÔÓ&hhÀpÈ xÐ &ÓÓ ¸ Ó(// ÿÿ&_3Ó  ÓÓ#ÀÀpÈ xÐ #ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  ÔÓ#ÀÀpÈ xÐ #ÓÓ  Ó(,, ÿÿ&_2Ó h ÓÓ pÈ xÐ ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  ÔÓ pÈ xÐ ÓÓ h Ó()) ÿÿ&_1Ó À ÓÓppÈ xÐ ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  ÔÓppÈ xÐ ÓÓ À Ó&&& ÿÿ$_Ó  ÓÓÈÈ xÐ ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  ÔÓÈÈ xÐ ÓÓ  Ó0AAÿÿ.NormalÓ  ÓÓ5+° °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5ÓÓ5+° °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5ÓÓ  Ó<AAÿÿ:Definition TÓ  ÓÓ5+° °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5ÓÓ5+° °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5ÓÓ  Ó<AAÿÿ:Definition LÓ , ÓÓ5+Ü Ü` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5ÓÓ  ÓÓ5+° °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5Ó8ÿÿ6Definitionòòóó(hhÿÿ&H1Ó  ÓÓ5+° °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5Óò òÔ  ÔÔ‡°°°ÔÔ‡ôôôÔó óÔ  ÔÓ5+° °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5ÓÓ  Ó(]]ÿÿ&H2Ó  ÓÓ5+° °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5Óò òÔ‡„„„ÔÔ‡ôôôÔó óÓ5+° °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5ÓÓ  Ó(]]ÿÿ&H3Ó  ÓÓ5+° °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5Óò òÔ‡¼¼¼ÔÔ‡ôôôÔó óÓ5+° °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5ÓÓ  Ó(]]ÿÿ&H4Ó  ÓÓ5+° °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5Óò òÔ‡XXXÔÔ‡ôôôÔó óÓ5+° °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5ÓÓ  Ó(]]ÿÿ&H5Ó  ÓÓ5+° °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5Óò òÔ‡ôôôÔó óÓ5+° °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5ÓÓ  ÓÔ‡ôôôÔ(]]ÿÿ&H6Ó  ÓÓ5+° °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5Óò òÔ‡ÔÔ‡ôôôÔó óÓ5+° °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5ÓÓ  Ó2DDÿÿ0AddressÓ  ÓÓ5+° °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5ÓòòóóÓ5+° °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5ÓÓ  Ó8MMÿÿ6BlockquoteÓ , ÓÓ , ÓÓ5+Ü Ü` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5ÓÓ  ÓÓ  ÓÓ5+° °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5Ó,ÿÿ*CITEòòóó,dlÿÿ*CODEÔ‡ôôôÔÔK‡T<þ6X9`(‹Courier NewKÔÔ‡ôôôÔÔS‡Uô\  `‹&Times New RomanSÔ4ÿÿ2Emphasisòòóó6ÿÿ4HyperlinkóóòòÔ ÿ ÔóóÔ  Ô<ÿÿ:FollowedHypeóóòòÔ €€ ÔóóÔ  Ô4goÿÿ2Keyboardò òÔ‡ôôôÔÔK‡T<þ6X9`(‹Courier NewKÔÔ‡ôôôÔÔS‡Uô\  `‹&Times New RomanSÔó ó<Ÿ§ÿÿ:PreformattedÓ  ÓÓ/%° °Ïî ,KkŠ©È %#/ÓÔ‡ôôôÔÔK‡T<þ6X9`(‹Courier NewKÔÔ‡ôôôÔÔS‡Uô\  `‹&Times New RomanSÔÓ/%° °Ïî ,KkŠ©È %#/ÓÓ  Ó<Ûïÿÿ:z©Bottom of Ó7€H(€X7ÓÓ  ÓÓ  ÓÓ5+° °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5ÓÔ‡ÔÔ?‡V%ä2¼A`‹Arial?ÔÓ  ÓÔ‡ôôôÔÔS‡Uô\  `‹&Times New RomanSÔÓ7€I(€X7ÓÓ5+° °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5ÓÓ  Ó&ÿÿ  d dG)1dxd'dxd<Ûïÿÿ:z©Top of ForÓ7€K(€X7ÓÓ  ÓÓ  ÓÓ5+° °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5ÓÔ‡ÔÔ?‡V%ä2¼A`‹Arial?ÔÓ  ÓÔ‡ôôôÔÔS‡Uô\  `‹&Times New RomanSÔÓ7€I(€X7ÓÓ5+° °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5ÓÓ  ÓG)2dxd0KSÿÿ.SampleÔK‡T<þ6X9`(‹Courier NewKÔÔS‡Uô\  `‹&Times New RomanSÔ0ÿÿ.Strongò òó ó8dlÿÿ6TypewriterÔ‡ôôôÔÔK‡T<þ6X9`(‹Courier NewKÔÔ‡ôôôÔÔS‡Uô\  `‹&Times New RomanSÔ4ÿÿ2Variableòòóó !"#$% ÿÿ35;AGMSY_11.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.: ÿÿ8HTML MarkupÔB  ÔÔ ÿ ÔÔ  Ô(.G2ë‚$¤¤Ý ƒüœ!ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôÈòXXÔ2 ÿÿ0CommentÔB  Ô<þ6X9`(‹Courier Newô\  `‹&Times New Roman%ä2¼A`‹Arial `Ý ƒRë‚$ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú5Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôÈòXXÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔStatements€given€in€the€absence€of€òòMirandaóó€warnings€may€be€used€for€impeachment€purposes€on€cross„Ð ° Ðexamination.€€òòOregon€v.€Ô_ÔElstadÔ_Ôóó,€470€U.S.€298,€307€(1985). d >Ý ƒRë‚$ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôÈòXXÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔPursuant€to€the€plea€agreement,€the€defendant€received€a€fifteen„year€sentence€for€each€conviction,€and€theÐ ° Ðtrial€court€ordered€these€sentences€served€concurrently.€€ XÝ ƒRë‚$ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôÈòXXÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔThe€assistant€district€attorney€general€stated:Ð ° ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àThe€defendant€was€living€with€his€mother€in€Oak€Ridge€in€Anderson€County€inÐ 8ˆ Ðan€apartment€complex.€€And€she€had€had€many€health€problems€and€in€factÐ üL Ðsometimes€used€a€walker€and€was€not€very€mobile.€€On€this€particular€date€in€theÐ À Ðindictment€[August€29,€2000]€she€called€him€at€his€work€to€come€home€and€takeÐ „Ô Ðcare€of€her.€€People€who€work€with€him€would€say€that€Ô_ÔthatÔ_Ô€was€not€unusual€forÐ H ˜ Ðher€to€do€that.€€He€was€the€caretaker€there€and€.€.€.€what€follows€is€based€on€hisÐ  \ Ðstatement€although€we€have€workers€at€his€work€who€will€testify€that€he€did€leaveÐ Ð  Ðwork.€€Based€on€his€statement,€he€stated€that€he€then€went€home€to€take€care€ofÐ ” ä  Ðhis€mother,€she€needed€to€be€cleaned€up.€€He€basically€lost€it;€he€was€somewhatÐ X ¨  Ðaggravated€with€her€at€the€time€and€he€began€holding€her€by€the€neck€and€herÐ  l  Ðthroat€and€was€enraged€and€upset€with€her€at€the€time.€€The€autopsy€shows€thatÐ à 0  Ðshe€died€as€a€result€of€manual€strangulation.€€There€was€a€broken€Ô_ÔhiatalÔ_Ô€bone€inÐ ¤ô  Ðher€throat€and€the€fire€did€not€kill€her.€€He€did€say€that€after€she€was€not€movingÐ h¸  Ðanymore€that€.€.€.€he€panicked€at€that€time€and€he€set€fire€to€her€bed.€€This€was€inÐ ,|  Ðan€apartment€complex;€the€fire€did€cause€damage€to€their€apartment;€however,Ð ð@  Ðthe€other€people€in€the€other€apartments€got€out€and€it€did€not€cause€damage€toÐ ´  Ðthe€other€peopleððs€apartments.ÐxÈ ` x` x ÐÌThe€defendant€did€not€agree€with€the€prosecutionððs€statement€of€facts€and€accepted€them€only€to€facilitate€appellateÐ P Ðreview€of€the€certified€question€of€law.(;3£$´´Ô2#ÔÚ  Ú0Ú  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0  à(.3½Þ$§§Ý ƒüœ!ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÝ  Ý LÝ ƒRë‚$ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôÈòXXÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔJudge€Williams€also€concluded€that€the€certified€question€of€law€was€not€Ô_ÔdispositiveÔ_Ô€and€that€the€appealÐ ° Ðshould€be€dismissed.€€In€this€Court,€the€State€agrees€that€the€majority€of€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€properlyÐ tÄ Ðaccepted€the€assistant€district€attorneyððs€statement€that€prosecution€of€the€defendant€cannot€go€forward€without€theÐ 8ˆ Ðdefendantððs€statement.&c$"ð"ðà0 àÝ ƒüœ!ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ‡Xû XXXÔÔ‡îP îXXû ÔÓ  ÓÑ8€û XdìdÈ8ÑÑ€ÑÑ  ÑÓ=€û XÐXdÐd=ÓIN€THE€SUPREME€COURT€OF€TENNESSEEÐ ° Ðà@@õõ%ìàAT€KNOXVILLEÔ#†Xû XîîP \#ÔÐ Ö& ÐÔ‡¼N»XXû ÔSeptember€8,€2004Ô#†Xû X»¼N¤#ÔÔ#†Xû XXXû =#ÔÔ‡îP îXXû ÔÔ‡îP îîîP Ô€SessionÐ üL ÐÌò òÔ#†Xû XîîP #ÔÔ‡¼N»XXû ÔÔ#†¼N»»¼N9#ÔÔ‡¼N»»¼NÔSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE€v.€WILLIAM€A.€PAYNE,€JR.Ð H ˜ ÐÔ#†Xû X»¼Nœ#ÔÔ#†Xû XXXû Þ#ÔÔ‡Xû XXXû Ôó óÔ‡îP îXXû ÔÌÔ#†Xû XîîP ¥#ÔÔ‡îP îXXû Ôà@@¢¢ ìàò òÔ#†Xû XîîP è#ÔÔ‡îP îXXû Ô€Ô#†Xû XîîP ?#ÔAppeal€by€permission€from€the€Court€of€Criminal€AppealsÐ ‚ Ò ÐCriminal€Court€for€Anderson€CountyÐ ¦ ö ÐNo.€AOCR0373€€€€€€James€B.€Scott,€JudgeÔ‡îP îXXû ÔÐ ’ â ÐÔ#†Xû XîîP ,#ÔÌà@@ìì*ìàßA€YX) °°` dE<i` AßÐ jº  ÐÌà@@] ] ìàNo.€E2002„01307„SC„R11„CD€„€Filed€November€2,€Ô_Ô2004Ô_ÔÐ eµ  Ð___à @ àà0 @` àà0@¸ ` (#` (#à_____________________Ô#†Xû XXXû ƒ#Ôà @p àó óÔ‡îP îXXû ÔÐ Q¡  ÐÌÔ#†Xû XîîP Ü#ÔÓ  ÓWe€granted€the€Stateððs€application€for€permission€to€appeal€to€determine€whether€the€Court€ofÐ c³ ÐCriminal€Appeals€erred€in€concluding€that€the€entire€videotape€recording€of€the€defendantððs€interviewÐ OŸ Ðwith€and€statements€to€the€police€must€be€suppressed€because€the€police€failed€to€provide€theÐ ;‹ Ðwarnings€prescribed€by€òòMiranda€v.€Arizonaóó,€384€U.S.€436€(1966).€€We€have€reviewed€de€novo€theÐ 'w Ðvideotaped€interview€and€the€suppression€hearing€testimony.€€The€police€conducted€the€interviewÐ c Ðin€three€phases,€separated€by€two€breaks.€€Although€the€defendant€was€not€in€custody€during€the€firstÐ ÿO Ðphase,€we€conclude€that€the€defendant€was€in€custody€and€interrogated€during€the€second€and€thirdÐ ë; Ðphases€of€the€interview.€€Accordingly,€the€second€and€third€phases€of€the€videotaped€interview€andÐ ×' Ðthe€statements€the€defendant€provided€during€those€portions€of€the€interview€must€be€suppressedÐ Ã Ðbecause€the€police€failed€to€provide€òòMirandaóó€warnings€prior€to€initiating€the€interrogation.€Ð ¯ÿ ÐAccordingly,€the€judgment€of€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€is€affirmed€insofar€as€it€vacates€theÐ ›ë Ðdefendantððs€convictions.€€However,€because€the€entire€interview€need€not€be€suppressed,€we€reverseÐ ‡× Ðthe€judgment€of€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€insofar€as€it€dismissed€the€charges€against€theÐ sà Ðdefendant.€€The€case€is€remanded€to€the€trial€court€for€further€proceedings€consistent€with€thisÐ _¯ Ðdecision.Ð K › ÐÔ‡îP îXXû ÔÌÔ#†Xû XîîP × #ÔÓ  Óò òTenn.€R.€App.€P.€11;€Judgment€of€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€Affirmed€in€Part;Ð ]"­ ÐReversed€in€Part;€and€Remanded€to€the€Trial€Courtó óÐ I#™  ÐÌòòÓ  ÓFrank€F.€Ô_ÔDrowotaÔ_Ô,€III,€C.€Jóó.,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€whichòò€E.€Riley€Anderson,€Ð !%q " ÐJanice€M.€Holder,óó€òòWilliam€M.€Barkeróó,€JJ.,€and€Ô_ÔJ.S.Ô_Ô€òòDanielóó,€Sp.€J.,€€joined.Ð  &]!# ÐÌPaul€G.€Summers,€Attorney€General€and€Reporter;€Michael€E.€Moore,€Solicitor€General;€KathyÐ å'5#% ÐD.€Ô_ÔAslingerÔ_Ô,€Assistant€Attorney€General;€James€N.€Ramsey,€District€Attorney€General;€andÐ Ñ(!$& ÐJanice€G.€Hicks,€Assistant€District€Attorney€General,€for€the€appellant,€State€of€Tennessee.ò òó óÐ ½) %' ÐÌNancy€C.€Meyer,€Assistant€Public€Defender,€Clinton,€Tennessee,€for€the€appellee,€William€A.Ð •+å&) ÐPayne,€Jr.€Ð ,Ñ'* ÐÐ m-½(+ Ðò òÓ  ÓOPINIONÐ ° ÐòòóóÓ  Óà@_ _ ìàI.€€òòFactual€and€Procedural€Backgroundó óóóˆÐ œì Ðà  àOn€August€29,€2000,€a€fire€occurred€at€the€Oak€Ridge,€Tennessee€apartment€the€defendant,Ð ˆØ Ðtwenty„nine„year„old€William€A.€Payne,€Jr.,€shared€with€his€elderly,€bedridden€mother,€Sylvia€Payne.€Ð tÄ ÐAfter€the€fire,€Mrs.€Payneððs€body€was€discovered€inside€the€apartment,€but€the€cause€of€her€death€wasÐ `° Ðinitially€unknown.€€Oak€Ridge€police€officer€Mike€Uher€testified€that€he€had€spoken€briefly€to€theÐ L œ Ðdefendant€at€the€apartment€complex€the€night€of€the€fire€and€had€asked€the€defendant€when€he€hadÐ 8 ˆ Ðlast€seen€his€mother,€what€her€condition€had€been€at€that€time,€and€whether€she€had€ever€smoked€inÐ $ t Ðbed.€€After€further€investigation€indicated€that€the€fire€and€Mrs.€Payneððs€death€likely€had€not€beenÐ  ` Ðaccidental,€Officer€Uher€telephoned€the€defendant€and€asked€him€to€come€to€the€police€station€toÐ ü L  Ðdiscuss€the€investigation.€€On€August€30,€2000,€one€day€after€the€fire,€Officer€Uher,€along€with€OakÐ è 8  ÐRidge€police€officer€Ron€Boucher€interviewed€the€defendant,€and€this€interview€was€secretlyÐ Ô$  Ðvideotaped.€Ð À  ÐÌà  àAs€instructed€by€Officer€Uher,€the€defendant€arrived,€apparently€on€his€own,€at€the€Oak€RidgeÐ ˜è  Ðpolice€station€between€7:00€and€7:20€p.m.€€€Officers€Uher€and€Boucher€escorted€the€defendant€fromÐ „Ô  Ðthe€lobby€to€the€ð ðstandard€interview€roomðð€located€ð ða€couple€of€feetðð€away.€€Neither€officer€frisked,Ð pÀ Ðpatted€down,€nor€touched€the€defendant€in€any€way,€and€the€defendant€was€not€handcuffed.€€A€hiddenÐ \¬ Ðvideo€recorder€already€had€begun€recording€when€the€officers€and€the€defendant€arrived€at€theÐ H˜ Ðinterview€room,€but€the€defendant€was€never€told€the€interview€was€being€recorded.€€The€videotapedÐ 4„ Ðinterview€is€more€than€two€hours€in€length€and€includes€three€breaks€during€which€the€defendantÐ  p Ðremained€in€the€interview€room€alone.€€During€the€first€thirty„five€minutes€of€the€interview€prior€toÐ  \ Ðthe€first€break€(Phase€I),€the€officers€and€the€defendant€discussed€generally€the€victimððs€condition€andÐ øH Ðthe€events€of€the€day€of€the€fire.€€The€officers€were€polite€and€courteous,€and€the€defendant€did€notÐ ä4 Ðimplicate€himself€in€the€fire€or€in€his€motherððs€death.€€Following€the€first€break€(Phase€II),€however,Ð Ð  Ðthe€tone€of€the€interview€changed€dramatically.€€Officer€Uher€intensely€questioned€the€defendant€inÐ ¼  Ða€demanding€and€accusatory€manner.€€Eventually,€the€defendant€admitted€that€he€had€accidentallyÐ ¨ø Ðhurt€his€motherððs€neck€while€trying€to€help€her€and€that€when€he€realized€he€had€injured€her,€he€setÐ ”ä Ðher€bed€afire€and€fled€the€scene,€returning€to€work.€€At€this€point,€the€officers€recessed€the€interviewÐ €Ð Ðfor€the€second€break.€€During€this€break,€the€defendant€paced€around€the€room€and€unsuccessfullyÐ l¼ Ðattempted€to€open€the€door€on€three€occasions.€€When€the€officers€returned€(Phase€III),€Officer€UherÐ X ¨ Ðresumed€the€interrogation€in€an€accusatory,€combative,€and€demanding€manner.€€Eventually,€theÐ D!” Ðdefendant€admitted€that€he€had€ð ðsnappedðð€and€had€choked€his€mother€because€she€had€blamed€himÐ 0"€  Ðfor€her€health€problems€and€because€she€repeatedly€had€said€to€him,€ð ðI€hate€you.ðð€€The€defendantÐ #l! Ðrequested€and€was€denied€permission€to€telephone€his€sister.€€After€significant€pressing€and€cajolingÐ $X" Ðby€Officer€Uher,€the€defendant€provided€a€written€statement€and€was€taken€into€custody.Ð ô$D # ÐÌà  à€Thereafter,€the€defendant€was€charged€with€first„degree€murder€and€aggravated€arson.€€PriorÐ Ì&"% Ðto€trial,€the€defendant€moved€to€suppress€both€the€videotaped€oral€statements€and€the€writtenÐ ¸'#& Ðstatement,€arguing€that€these€statements€resulted€from€custodial€interrogation€and€were€inadmissibleÐ ¤(ô#' Ðbecause€the€police€had€failed€to€provide€òòMirandaóó€warnings.€€At€the€hearing€on€the€motion,€OfficerÐ )à$( ÐUher€testified,€and€the€videotape€recording€of€the€August€30,€2000,€interview€was€introduced€intoÐ |*Ì%) Ðevidence.€€Officer€Uher€testified€that€the€recording€contained€the€entire€exchange€between€theÐ h+¸&* Ðdefendant€and€the€police.€Ð ° ÐÌà  àThe€trial€court€refused€to€suppress€the€videotaped€oral€statement€but€suppressed€theÐ ˆØ Ðdefendantððs€written€statement,€finding€that€the€defendant€had€been€in€custody€when€he€provided€theÐ tÄ Ðwritten€statement.€€The€defendant€subsequently€pleaded€guilty€to€second€degree€murder€andÐ `° Ðaggravated€assault׃Z×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€but€reserved€for€appeal€a€certified€question€of€law:€€ð ðWas€Defendant€in€custodyÐ L œ Ðwhen€he€gave€an€incriminating€statement€such€that€said€statement€should€be€suppressed€for€violationÐ 8 ˆ Ðof€Defendantððs€constitutional€rights€under€[the]€Fifth€and€Fourteenth€Amendments?ðð€€At€the€pleaÐ $ t Ðsubmission€hearing,€the€assistant€district€attorney€general€recited€the€factual€basis€for€the€plea.Ô_Ô׃[×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ô_ԀР ` ÐFurthermore,€the€assistant€district€attorney€general€acknowledged€that€without€the€defendantððsÐ ü L  Ðstatement€the€prosecution€would€be€unable€to€prove€a€ð ðprima€facie€case.ðð€€Thus,€the€trial€courtÐ è 8  Ðapproved€the€guilty€plea€and€certified€the€Ô_ÔdispositiveÔ_Ô€question€of€law.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€R.€Ô_ÔCrimÔ_Ô.€P.€37.Ð Ô$  ÐÌà  àOn€appeal,€two€judges€of€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€concluded€that€the€defendant€hadÐ ¬ü  Ðbeen€in€custody€when€he€provided€the€videotaped€statement.€€Because€the€police€had€failed€toÐ ˜è  Ðprovide€òòMirandaóó€warnings€prior€to€interrogating€the€defendant,€a€majority€of€the€Court€of€CriminalÐ „Ô  ÐAppeals€held€this€statement€must€be€suppressed.€€€Judge€Williams€dissented,€concluding€that€theÐ pÀ Ðentire€statement€need€not€be€suppressed€because€a€reasonable€person€would€have€felt€free€to€leaveÐ \¬ Ðâ âthe€interview€room€òòuntilóó€that€point€during€the€second€break,€prior€to€Phase€III,€when€the€defendantÐ H˜ Ðunsuccessfully€tried€to€open€the€interview€room€door.Ô_Ô׃^×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ô_Ô€€Thus,€Judge€Williams€agreed€with€theÐ ° Ðâ âmajority€that€Phase€III€of€the€interview€should€be€suppressed,€but€Judge€Williams€concluded€thatÐ œì ÐPhases€I€and€II€of€the€interview€need€not€be€suppressed.€€Thereafter,€we€granted€the€StateððsÐ ˆØ Ðapplication€for€permission€to€appeal.Ð tÄ ÐÌÌà@ìàòòò òII.€€Standard€of€Reviewó óóóˆÐ 8 ˆ Ðà  àA€trial€courtððs€findings€of€fact€in€a€suppression€hearing€should€be€upheld€unless€the€evidenceÐ $ t Ðpreponderates€against€those€findings.€€òòState€v.€Ô_ÔMunnÔ_Ôóó,€56€S.W.3d€486,€493€(Tenn.€2001).€€Generally,Ð  ` Ðwitness€credibility,€the€weight€and€value€of€evidence,€and€conflicts€in€the€evidence€are€matters€forÐ ü L  Ðthe€trial€court€to€decide,€with€the€prevailing€party€entitled€on€appeal€to€the€strongest€legitimate€viewÐ è 8  Ðof€the€evidence€and€all€reasonable€and€legitimate€inferences€which€may€be€drawn€from€the€evidence.€Ð Ô$  ÐòòId.óó€€€However,€when€a€trial€courtððs€findings€of€fact€are€based€solely€on€evidence€that€does€not€involveÐ À  Ðissues€of€witness€credibility,€appellate€courts€are€as€capable€as€trial€courts€of€reviewing€the€evidenceÐ ¬ü  Ðand€drawing€conclusions.€€òòState€v.€Ô_ÔBinetteÔ_Ôóó,€33€S.W.3d€215,€217€(Tenn.€2000).€€In€suchÐ ˜è  Ðcircumstances,€a€trial€courtððs€findings€of€fact€are€subject€to€de€novo€appellate€review.€€De€novoÐ „Ô  Ðreview€applies€in€this€appeal€because,€at€the€suppression€hearing,€Officer€Uher€testified€that€theÐ pÀ Ðvideotape€fully€and€accurately€depicts€the€police€interview.€€Therefore,€determining€whether€theÐ \¬ Ðdefendant€was€in€custody€is€a€fact„intensive€inquiry€which€demands€a€careful,€de€novo€review€of€theÐ H˜ Ðvideotaped€interview,€followed€by€an€application€of€the€governing€legal€principles.€€Thus,€theÐ 4„ Ðfollowing€detailed€discussion€of€the€videotaped€interview€is€necessary.Ð  p ÐÌà@Þ Þ ìàòòò òIII.€€Summary€of€the€Videotape€Recordingóóó óˆÐ øH Ðà  àThe€interview€room€appears€from€the€videotape€to€be€a€square€room€approximately€eight€toÐ ä4 Ðten€feet€wide€and€deep,€with€a€single€door.€€The€recording€equipment€was€located€just€to€theÐ Ð  Ðimmediate€left€of€the€doorway;€thus,€the€door€itself€is€not€visible.€€The€perspective€of€the€interviewÐ ¼  Ðroom€in€the€recording€is€as€it€would€appear€to€a€€person€entering€the€room€from€the€doorway.€€NoÐ ¨ø Ðwindows€are€visible.€€A€small,€wooden€rectangular€table€or€desk€was€located€against€the€back€wallÐ ”ä Ðin€the€left€corner€of€the€room.€€Officer€Uher€sat€in€a€chair€on€the€front€side€of€the€desk,€facing€theÐ €Ð Ðdefendant€and€the€back€wall.€€The€defendant€sat€in€a€chair€next€to€the€desk,€near€the€back€corner€ofÐ l¼ Ðthe€room€on€the€right,€facing€the€door.€€Officer€Boucher€sat€in€a€chair€near€the€middle€of€the€room,Ð X ¨ Ðslightly€to€the€left€of€Officer€Ô_ÔUherÔ_Ôððs€chair,€facing€the€defendant.€€The€officers€were€not€then€seatedÐ D!” Ðdirectly€between€the€defendant€and€the€door.Ð 0"€  ÐÌà  àOfficer€Uher€conducted€the€interview€(Phase€I).€€He€advised€the€defendant€that€he€did€notÐ $X" Ðhave€to€be€there,€that€he€did€not€have€to€talk€to€the€police,€and€that€the€police€appreciated€theÐ ô$D # Ðdefendant€talking€to€them.€€Officer€Uher€began€the€interview€with€general€background€questionsÐ à%0!$ Ðwhich€the€defendant€answered.€€Officer€Uher€then€questioned€the€defendant€about€his€motherððsÐ Ì&"% Ðphysical€condition.€€The€defendant€explained€that€his€mother€had€been€in€poor€health€for€severalÐ ° Ðyears,€that€she€had€been€basically€bedridden€since€March€of€1999,€and€that€he€had€been€her€primaryÐ œì ÐÔ_ÔcaregiverÔ_Ô€for€nine€years.€€The€defendant€freely€responded€to€Officer€Ô_ÔUherÔ_Ôððs€questions€and€explainedÐ ˆØ Ðthat€he€and€his€mother€had€argued€frequently€during€the€previous€six€months€because€he€had€triedÐ tÄ Ðto€convince€her€to€see€a€doctor€for€her€declining€physical€health€and€for€depression,€but€she€hadÐ `° Ðresisted€his€suggestion.€€Officers€Uher€and€Boucher€appeared€cordial€and€empathetic,€and€they€spokeÐ L œ Ðin€conversational€tones.€€Officer€Boucher€asked€the€defendant€if€he€had€ever€considered€a€health€careÐ 8 ˆ Ðcenter€for€his€mother,€and€Officer€Uher€asked€whether€the€defendant€had€seen€a€doctor€recently.€€TheÐ $ t Ðdefendant€acknowledged€that€he€had€seen€a€doctor€because€he€had€not€been€sleeping€well.Ð  ` ÐÌà  àHowever,€approximately€nineteen€minutes€into€the€interview,€the€defendant€asked€OfficerÐ è 8  ÐUher,€ð ðDid€I€do€something€wrong?€€Please€tell€me.€€I€need€to€know.ðð€€Officer€Uher€responded,€ð ðIÐ Ô$  Ðdidnððt€say€you€did€anything€wrong.€€Iððm€just€asking€you.€Weððre€just€trying€to€find€out€whatððs€goingÐ À  Ðon€because€youððve€been€under€a€lot€of€stress€yourself.ðð€€Officer€Boucher€offered€the€defendant€a€softÐ ¬ü  Ðdrink,€and€the€defendant€requested€water.€€The€defendant€then€assured€Officer€Uher€that€he€wouldÐ ˜è  Ðchange€places€with€his€mother€if€he€could.€€The€defendant€said,€ð ðI€donððt€understand€what€is€theÐ „Ô  Ðmeaning€for€this€[sic].ðð€€After€Officer€Uher€explained€that€the€interview€was€standard€practice€whenÐ pÀ Ðsomeone€had€died,€the€defendant€asked,€ð ðHow€did€she€die?ðð€€Officer€Uher€indicated€the€police€wereÐ \¬ Ðstill€waiting€for€the€autopsy€report€to€determine€the€exact€cause€of€the€death.€€The€defendant€thenÐ H˜ Ðasked,€ð ðWhat€started€the€fire?ðð€€Officer€Uher€responded,€ð ðI€donððt€know.€€Maybe€smoking€in€bed.ðð€Ð 4„ ÐÌà  àAfter€Officer€Boucher€returned€to€the€room€with€the€defendantððs€water,€Officer€Uher€resumedÐ  \ Ðquestioning€the€defendant.€€Approximately€thirty„two€minutes€into€the€interview,€the€defendantÐ øH Ðbecame€visibly€upset€and€asserted,€ð ðI€would€never€hurt€her.€€I€wouldnððt.ðð€€The€defendant€then€askedÐ ä4 Ðthe€officers,€ð ðDo€you€think€I€had€something€to€do€with€this?ðð€When€Officer€Uher€responded,€ð ðI€didnððtÐ Ð  Ðsay€that,ðð€the€defendant€became€even€more€upset€and€stated,€ð ðDonððt€tell€me€you€didnððt€say€that.€€IÐ ¼  Ðwant€to€know,€do€you€think€that?ðð€€Officer€Uher€again€responded,€ð ðI€didnððt€say€that,€did€I?€€CalmÐ ¨ø Ðdown.ðð€€Officer€Uher€stood€and€told€the€defendant,€ð ðI€want€you€to€get€your€bearings€back€just€a€littleÐ ”ä Ðbit€and€let€us€talk.€€Weððll€be€right€back.ðð€€€As€the€officers€were€leaving€the€room,€the€defendant€wasÐ €Ð Ðtalking€to€them.€€Although€some€of€the€defendantððs€remarks€are€inaudible,€the€defendant€can€be€heardÐ l¼ Ðasking€the€officers€to€get€someone€ð ðon€the€phone.ðð€€During€this€five„minute€break€the€defendantÐ X ¨ Ðpaced€and€drank€water.€Ð D!” ÐÌà  àWhen€the€officers€returned€to€the€room€(Phase€II),€Officer€Boucher€moved€his€chair€so€thatÐ #l! Ðhe€was€seated€between€the€defendant€and€the€door.€€Officer€Uher€stood€near€and€somewhat€over€theÐ $X" Ðdefendant.€€Officer€Uher€advised€the€defendant€that€police€investigators,€fire€department€and€arsonÐ ô$D # Ðinvestigators,€and€forensic€experts€at€the€University€of€Tennessee€had€reviewed€the€facts€andÐ à%0!$ Ðcircumstances€surrounding€Mrs.€Payneððs€death€and€had€concluded€that€something€suspicious€hadÐ Ì&"% Ðoccurred€at€the€apartment.€€Officer€Uher€further€advised€the€defendant€that€the€circumstancesÐ ¸'#& Ðsurrounding€the€case€clearly€indicated€the€defendant€had€some€knowledge€of€what€happened€at€theÐ ¤(ô#' Ðapartment.€€Officer€Uher€informed€the€defendant€that€he€believed€something€else€may€have€happenedÐ )à$( Ðð ðwhere€your€mom€was€injured,€maybe€your€mom€got€hurt.ðð€€Officer€Uher€said,€ð ðI€think€it€was€anÐ |*Ì%) Ðaccident.€€It€was€a€mistake.€€I€think€you€may€want€to€talk€about€it.€€I€think€youððre€afraid.ðð€€TheÐ h+¸&* Ðdefendant€responded:€ð ðIððm€not€afraid.€€I€wouldnððt€dare€hurt€her.ðð€€Ð ° ÐÌà  àOfficer€Uher€then€told€the€defendant€that€his€mother€had€an€injury€ð ðconsistent€with€how€youÐ ˆØ Ðdescribe€trying€to€help€her,€trying€to€clean€her,€trying€to€do€things€for€her.€€You€need€to€think€of€whatÐ tÄ Ðhappened€yesterday.€€It€affects€your€life€too.ðð€€The€defendant€asked,€ð ðWhat€is€the€injury?ðð€andÐ `° Ðcommented,€ð ðI€swear€Iððm€not€keeping€nothing.€€I€donððt€know.€€Either€that€or€I€just€canððt€remember.ðð€Ð L œ ÐAfter€further€discussion,€the€defendant€admitted€that€he€and€his€mother€had€argued€on€the€day€of€herÐ 8 ˆ Ðdeath€because€she€had€accused€him€of€hurting€her€arm€and€leg.€€The€defendant€demonstrated€howÐ $ t Ðhe€had€lifted€and€cleaned€up€his€mother,€who€was€incontinent.€€The€defendant€admitted€he€could€haveÐ  ` Ðaccidentally€bruised€his€motherððs€shoulders€when€lifting€her,€but€he€denied€injuring€her€neck,€statingÐ ü L  Ðð ðI€know€I€didnððt€hurt€her€neck.€€I€didnððt€touch€her€neck.ðð€€Officer€Uher€told€the€defendant€that€heÐ è 8  Ðbelieved€an€accident€had€happened€and€that€he€did€not€believe€the€defendant€had€hurt€his€mother€onÐ Ô$  Ðpurpose,€stating:€ð ðIððve€looked€at€the€facts€and€evidence€in€the€case€and€the€facts€and€evidence€dictateÐ À  Ðthat€[that]€is€true.ðð€€The€defendant€responded,€ð ðI€honestly€donððt€know.€€I€want€to€see€the€report.ðð€€TheÐ ¬ü  Ðdefendant€maintained€that€he€did€not€know€how€he€would€be€able€to€go€on€living€without€his€motherÐ ˜è  Ðand€explained€that€they€had€planned€to€move€to€San€Diego€in€October€because€of€her€health.€€OfficerÐ „Ô  ÐUher€then€commented,€ð ðYour€mom€was€dead€before€the€fire€started.€€So€was€there€an€accident?€Ð pÀ ÐMaybe€a€candle€tipped€over€or€something?ðð€€Appearing€frustrated€and€upset€the€defendant€replied,Ð \¬ Ðð ðNothing€tipped€over€while€I€was€there.€She€was€okay.€€Iððm€not€lying€to€you.€€Iððm€not.€€I€didnððt€doÐ H˜ Ðanything.ðð€€At€this€point,€Officer€Uher,€appearing€angry€and€frustrated,€stated€in€a€loud€voice:€Ð 4„ ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àBill,€I€donððt€want€to€hear€the€no€anymore€because€thereððs€two€thingsÐ  \ Ðhappened€here,€okay,€two€things.€€Either€this€happened€purposefullyÐ øH Ðor€an€accident€happened€at€your€house.€€And€thatððs€it.€€Two€thingsÐ ä4 Ðhappened.€€Now€either€it€happened€purposefully€or€an€accident.€€AndÐ Ð  ÐI€donððt€think€youððre€a€malicious€person.€€I€donððt€want€to€hear€ð ðnoððÐ ¼  Ðanymore€because€I€know€better.€€The€case€indicates€better.€€The€factsÐ ¨ø Ðand€evidence€are€better€than€that.€€Something€happened.€€Your€momÐ ”ä Ðlost€her€life.€€Weððre€trying€to€help.€€I€donððt€think€youððre€a€maliciousÐ €Ð Ðperson.€€I€think€an€accident€happened.€€If€it€was€just€an€accident,€letððsÐ l¼ Ðget€it€done,€letððs€write€it€up,€it€was€still€an€accidental€death.€€NobodyÐ X ¨ Ðmeant€to€hurt€anybody,€but€the€way€its€looking€right€now,€I€canððt€writeÐ D!” Ðit€up€as€accidental€death.€€Now€you€need€to€shoot€straight€with€me,Ð 0"€  ÐBill,€no€matter€how€bad€it€hurts.Ð#l!` x` x ÐÌAfter€again€asserting€his€innocence€and€stating€that€he€would€like€to€change€places€with€his€mother,Ð ô$D # Ðthe€defendant€asked,€ð ðHow€did€she€die?€€How€did€she€die?€€Tell€me.ðð€€Officer€Uher€responded,€ð ðIððllÐ à%0!$ Ðtell€you€everything€I€know€if€you€tell€me€what€happened€in€the€accident.ðð€€Officer€Uher€admonished,Ð Ì&"% Ðð ðItððs€time€to€talk€about€the€truth,ðð€and€repeatedly€urged€the€defendant€to€ð ðtalk€to€me,€tell€me€aboutÐ ¸'#& Ðthis€accidentðð€and€pressed€the€defendant€to€ð ðtalk€to€me,€talk€to€me€now.ððÐ ¤(ô#' ÐÌà  àApproximately€one€hour€into€the€increasingly€overbearing€interrogation,€the€defendant€said,Ð |*Ì%) Ðð ðI€may€have€accidentally€hurt€her€neck€when€I€was€trying€to€help€her€sit€up€and€stuff.ðð€€Officer€UherÐ h+¸&* Ðquestioned:€ð ðAnd€then€what€happened?€€Did€you€get€scared?€€She€was€unconscious€wasnððt€she?€€Bill,Ð ° Ðtell€me€the€truth?ðð€€The€defendant€replied,€ð ðShe€may€have€been€I€donððt€know.ðð€€Officer€UherÐ œì Ðcontinued:€ð ðShe€was€unconscious€yesterday.€€Were€you€scared?€€Did€you€run€out€of€the€house?ðð€€TheÐ ˆØ Ðdefendant€responded,€ð ðI€didnððt€run€out.ðð€€At€this€point,€Officer€Uher€demanded€in€a€loud€voice,€Ð tÄ Ðð ðBill,€talk€to€me,€talk€to€me€now!€€Look€at€me€and€talk€to€me!€€What€happened€to€her€neck?ðð€€TheÐ `° Ðdefendant€again€conceded€that€he€could€have€accidentally€hurt€his€motherððs€neck€as€he€was€liftingÐ L œ Ðand€positioning€her€to€wash€her€back.€€€The€defendant€demonstrated€how€he€lifted€and€positioned€hisÐ 8 ˆ Ðmother€and€indicated€how€his€arm€may€have€been€placed€accidentally€around€her€neck.€€€Officer€UherÐ $ t Ðagain€then€admonished€the€defendant:€ð ðTell€me€everything.€€Tell€me€everything€Bill.€€Or,€Iððll€tell€youÐ  ` Ðwhat€it€looks€like.€€So€you€tell€me€everything.€€No,€you€tell€me€everything,€because€you€wonððt€likeÐ ü L  Ðwhat€it€looks€like.€€You€wonððt€like€at€all€what€it€looks€like,€I€promise€you.€€Your€mother€wasÐ è 8  Ðunconscious€when€you€left,€so€what€happened€next?ðð€€The€defendant€claimed€that€he€simply€had€leftÐ Ô$  Ðthe€apartment€and€gone€back€to€work,€but€Officer€Uher€disagreed,€declaring€emphatically:€Ð À  ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àBill€you€got€scared.€€You€got€scared€yesterday.€€Your€mother€wasÐ ˜è  Ðpassed€away€when€you€left.€€And€you€knew€it.€€And€it€was€anÐ „Ô  Ðaccident.€€And€you€tried€to€cover€it.€€I€understand€that.€€I€understandÐ pÀ Ðit€Bill,€tell€me€about€it€so€it€doesnððt€look€like€you€intentionally€killedÐ \¬ Ðyour€mom.€€Bill,€talk€to€me€now!€€Look€at€me€and€talk€to€me!€€YouÐ H˜ Ðstarted€the€fire.€€Bill,€with€what,€a€match?€€Did€you€just€light€theÐ 4„ Ðblanket€and€leave?€€Talk€to€me€Bill!€€Did€you€pour€something€on€theÐ  p Ðbed€and€do€it,€or€did€you€just€light€it?€€Bill€its€time€to€get€it€off€yourÐ  \ Ðchest€right€here€right€now€so€we€know€it€was€an€accident€and€you€justÐ øH Ðgot€scared.€€What€was€it?€Ðä4` x` x ÐÌThe€defendant€replied,€in€a€soft€voice,€ð ðA€match,€I€guess,€you€know,€a€match.ðð€€Officer€Uher€asked,Ð ¼  Ðð ðA€book€of€matches,€or€a€match?ðð€€The€defendant€replied,€ð ðA€match.ðð€€Officer€Uher€stated,€ð ðOneÐ ¨ø Ðmatch€out€of€a€red€book€of€matches.€€And€where€did€you€light€the€bed€.€.€.€toward€the€middle?ðð€Ð ”ä ÐWhen€the€defendant€answered,€ð ðYeah,€I€guess,€I€mean,€you€know,ðð€Officer€Uher€replied,ð ðThatððs€whatÐ €Ð Ðwe€thought€happened,€okay.€€I€donððt€think€youððd€hurt€your€mom€on€purpose€Bill,€but€I€think€you€gotÐ l¼ Ðscared.€€And€thatððs€what€we€thought€all€along.€€I€respect€you€for€telling€me€the€truth,€okay.€€WeððreÐ X ¨ Ðall€human€and€we€all€make€mistakes,€Bill.€€Do€you€hear€me?€€Iððm€gonna€give€you€a€few€minutes€toÐ D!” Ðget€it€together.€€I€want€you€to€sit€and€think.ðð€As€the€officers€stood€to€leave€the€room,€the€defendantÐ 0"€  Ðin€an€unsteady€voice€inquired,€€ð ðWhatððs€gonna€happen€to€me?ðð€€Officer€Uher€responded,€ð ðWeððre€justÐ #l! Ðgonna€talk€some€more.€€Weððre€just€gonna€talk.€Weððre€just€gonna€talk.€€Youððre€gonna€be€fine.ðð€Ð $X" ÐOfficer€Boucher€advised,€ð ðJust€get€your€composure€and€weððll€be€right€back,€okay.ðð€€Officer€UherÐ ô$D # Ðinstructed€the€defendant,€ð ðJust€relax€for€a€few€minutes.ððÐ à%0!$ ÐÌà  àAfter€the€officers€left,€the€defendant€paced€the€room.€€He€walked€towards€the€door€on€severalÐ ¸'#& Ðoccasions,€and€on€three€occasions€he€appeared€to€attempt€unsuccessfully€to€open€the€door€to€leaveÐ ¤(ô#' Ðthe€room.€€Although€the€door€itself€is€not€visible€on€the€video€recording,€the€defendant€can€be€seenÐ )à$( Ðreaching€towards€the€door€knob,€and€the€sounds€on€the€recording€indicate€that€he€was€trying€to€openÐ |*Ì%) Ðthe€door.€€Furthermore,€when€the€officers€returned€to€the€room€just€after€the€defendantððs€third€attemptÐ h+¸&* Ðto€open€the€door,€the€officerððs€comments€confirmed€that€the€door€was€stuck,€if€not€locked.€€OfficerÐ ° ÐUher€knocked,€entered€the€room€and€stated,€ð ðThat€door€hangs€up.ðð€€Officer€Boucher€agreed,€stating,Ð œì Ðð ðYeah,€weððve€got€to€get€someone€in€to€shave€this.ðð€€Officer€Uher€stated,€ð ðI€didnððt€want€to€hit€you.€Ð ˆØ ÐThatððs€why€I€knocked€first.€€Youððve€got€to€shove€that€door€real€hard.ðð€€Officer€Boucher€commented,Ð tÄ Ðð ðItððs€been€shaved€once€or€twice.ððÐ `° ÐÌà  àOfficer€Uher€then€resumed€the€interview€(Phase€III),€stating,€ð ðBill,€thereððs€a€couple€of€thingsÐ 8 ˆ Ðwe€still€need€to€talk€about.€€A€couple€things€that€still€donððt€make€sense.ðð€€Both€officers€were€seatedÐ $ t Ðfacing€the€defendant,€with€Officer€Boucherððs€chair€between€the€defendant€and€the€door.€€Officer€UherÐ  ` Ðthen€asked,€ð ðWhen€you€left€the€second€time,€you€didnððt€close€the€front€door€all€the€way,€did€you?ððÐ ü L  ÐThe€defendant,€becoming€increasingly€agitated,€said,€ð ðI€honest€to€God€thought€I€did.€€Iððm€not€lying.€Ð è 8  ÐWhat€reason€do€I€have€to€lie?ðð€€When€Officer€Uher€urged€the€defendant,€ð ðListen€to€me€now€and€calmÐ Ô$  Ðdown,ðð€the€defendant€commented,€ð ðIððm€totally€confused.€€I€honest€to€God€donððt€understand€this.ðð€Ð À  ЀOfficer€Uher€reassured€the€defendant,€ð ðIððm€trying€to€help€you,€okay.€€Now,€I€want€you€to€relax€andÐ ¬ü  Ðpay€attention€to€me.€€Like€I€said,€enough€has€been€lost€already.ðð€€Officer€Uher€then€asked€whetherÐ ˜è  Ðthe€defendantððs€mother€had€been€resisting€the€defendantððs€attempts€to€wash€her,€and€the€defendantÐ „Ô  Ðagreed€she€had.€€Officer€Uher€asked,€ð ðDid€you€grab€her€throat€with€your€hands€Bill?ðð€€In€a€soft€voice,Ð pÀ Ðthe€defendant€denied€doing€so.€€When€Officer€Uher€responded,€ð ðBill,€listen€to€me,ðð€the€defendantÐ \¬ Ðleaned€back€in€his€chair,€hit€the€desk€with€his€hand,€and€requested,€ð ðI€want€to€talk€to€my€sister.€€ThisÐ H˜ Ðis€ridiculous.ðð€Officer€Uher€leaned€forward€in€his€chair,€struck€the€desk€with€his€hand,€and€demandedÐ 4„ Ðin€a€very€loud€voice:Ð  p ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àPay€attention€to€me!€€This€isnððt€ridiculous.€€Now€you€can€knock€thatÐ øH Ðoff.€€I€told€you€when€you€walked€in€this€room€there€was€gonna€be€noÐ ä4 Ðmore€noððs.€€I€know€what€happened€there.€€Now,€did€you€know€thatÐ Ð  ÐWilliam€Ô_ÔBohannonÔ_Ô€[sic]€invented€a€machine€that€uses€super€glue€toÐ ¼  Ðwhere€[sic]€we€can€get€thumb€and€finger€prints€off€the€human€body?€Ð ¨ø ÐDid€you€know€that?€€That€if€I€grab€your€arm€like€this€and€let€it€go,Ð ”ä Ð[Officer€Uher€grabs€the€defendantððs€arm]€my€finger€prints€are€on€yourÐ €Ð Ðskin.€€How€would€your€thumb€print€and€your€finger€prints€get€aroundÐ l¼ Ðyour€momððs€neck?!€€How?!€€I€donððt€like€raising€my€voice.€€PleaseÐ X ¨ Ðdonððt€raise€yours€anymore.€€I€want€to€know€if€your€mom€was€layingÐ D!” Ðdown€when€you€grabbed€her€neck€or€if€she€was€sitting€up?€€Tell€meÐ 0"€  Ðright€now!€Ð#l!` x` x ÐÌWhen€the€defendant€indicated€he€simply€had€placed€his€hand€on€his€motherððs€neck€so€that€he€couldÐ ô$D # Ðclean€her,€Officer€Uher€disagreed€stating,€ð ðNo,€you€put€your€hand€on€her€neck.€€No,€you€squeezedÐ à%0!$ Ðher€neck.€€Was€she€lying€down€or€was€she€sitting€up€when€you€squeezed€her€neck.€€Iððll€know€if€youððreÐ Ì&"% Ðlying.ðð€€When€the€defendant€responded,€ð ðI€honest€to€God€remember€her€sitting€up,ðð€Officer€UherÐ ¸'#& Ðstated:Ð ¤(ô#' ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àShe€was€lying€down€€on€the€bed€because€of€the€hemorrhaging.€€Now,Ð |*Ì%) Ðdo€you€want€to€quit€lying€to€me.€€You€got€frustrated€and€you€put€yourÐ h+¸&* Ðhand€around€your€momððs€neck,€did€you€not?€€Yes€you€did.€€Tell€me,Ð ° Ðyes€or€no.€€Yes€you€did.€€I€know,€okay€€I€know€what€youððre€goingÐ œì Ðthrough,€and€Iððm€trying€to€help€you€with€it,€because€if€you€lie,€Bill,€itsÐ ˆØ Ðonly€gonna€be€worse.€€€Do€you€understand€that?€€If€you€lie,€and€weÐ tÄ Ðcan€prove€you€lied,€it€only€gets€worse€against€you.€€Okay?€€€It€makesÐ `° Ðyou€look€like€a€cruel€and€malicious€person.€€You€acted€out€ofÐ L œ Ðcharacter.€€Are€you€sorry€for€what€happened?Ð8 ˆ` x` x ÐÌVisibly€shaken,€the€defendant,€pointing€toward€the€door,€replied,€ð ðMy€God€yes,€I€wish€it€were€me€inÐ  ` Ðthere!ðð€€Officer€Uher€responded,€ð ðI€know€youððre€sorry€for€what€happened.€€I€can€tell.€€Then€you€needÐ ü L  Ðto€tell€the€world€youððre€sorry€for€what€happened.€€And€lying€donððt€do€it.€€Do€you€understand€that.ðð€Ð è 8  ÐThe€defendant€emphatically€stated:€ð ðI€am€sorry!ðð€€Officer€Uher€replied:€ð ðLying€donððt€do€it€though,Ð Ô$  ÐBill.€€What€made€you,€I€donððt€think€youððre€a€mean€person,€what€made€you€choke€your€mom?ðð€€TheÐ À  Ðdefendant€explained,€ð ðShe€just€kept€saying€over€and€over€€ððI€hate€you,€I€hate€you,ðð€and€I€justÐ ¬ü  Ðsnapped.ðð€€Ð ˜è  ÐÌà  àAt€Officer€Ô_ÔUherÔ_Ôððs€request,€the€defendant€used€Officer€Ô_ÔUherÔ_Ôððs€wrist€to€demonstrate€how€heÐ pÀ Ðhad€choked€his€mother.€€The€defendant€explained€that€his€mother€had€gone€limp€after€he€had€grabbedÐ \¬ Ðher€and€had€shaken€her€for€a€ð ðsecond.ðð€€Officer€Uher€commented:€ð ðIt€didnððt€take€much€because€yourÐ H˜ Ðmom€was€frail.€€And€thatððs€what€scared€you€because€I€donððt€think€you€meant€to€do€it,€did€you?ðð€€WithÐ 4„ Ðhis€head€in€his€hands,€the€defendant€replied,€ð ðYou€know€damn€well€I€didnððt.ðð€€Officer€Uher€thenÐ  p Ðreplied,€ð ðYouððre€right,€I€know€damn€well€you€didnððt.€€Is€that€why€you€started€the€fire,€because€youÐ  \ Ðwere€scared?ðð€€As€the€defendant€continued€to€look€down€with€his€head€in€his€hands,€Officer€UherÐ øH Ðcommented:€ð ðI€know€youððre€sorry.€€I€know€youððre€sorry.ðð€The€defendant€leaned€his€head€on€the€tableÐ ä4 Ðand€said:€ð ðOh€God,€I€just€want€to€die.ðð€€Patting€the€defendantððs€shoulder,€Officer€Uher€stated:€ð ðIÐ Ð  Ðknow€youððre€sorry,€Bill.€€I€know€youððre€sorry.ðð€€Then,€Officer€Uher€asked,€ð ðDid€you€go€back€to€work,Ð ¼  ÐBill,€after€that€happened?ðð€€The€defendant€replied,€ð ðI€did,ðð€and€then€asked,€ð ðWhatððs€gonna€happenÐ ¨ø Ðto€me?ðð€€Officer€Uher€replied,€ð ðI€donððt€know,€tonight€Bill€youððre€probably€gonna€have€to€go€to€jail.ðð€Ð ”ä ÐThe€defendant€said:€ð ðI€want€to€call€my€sister.€€I€want€to€call€my€sister.ðð€€Officer€Uher€replied:€ð ðWeððllÐ €Ð Ðlet€you€make€a€phone€call€here€in€a€little€bit,€but€for€right€now€you€are€in€custody,€okay.€€You€are€noÐ l¼ Ðlonger€free€to€go€anywhere.€€You€understand€that.ðð€€The€defendant€again€put€€hand€on€his€head€andÐ X ¨ Ðlooked€down.€€Officer€Uher€then€stated:Ð D!” ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àListen€to€me€Bill.€€Thereððs€something€I€do€want€you€to€see€if€you€wantÐ #l! Ðto€do.€€Iððm€going€to€create€some€forms€and€put€some€forms€here€onÐ $X" Ðthe€table,€paper€work.€€And€youððre€a€pretty€good€writer.€€You€do€a€lotÐ ô$D # Ðof€computer€stuff.€€And€I€want€you€to€tell€me€the€truth€aboutÐ à%0!$ Ðsomething€because€this€is€something€thatððs€bothering€me,€okay.€€I€canÐ Ì&"% Ðsee€youððre€remorseful,€alright,€but€I€know€youððve€also€€had€a€hardÐ ¸'#& Ðtime€with€your€mom€the€last€nine€years.€€€Are€you€òòreallyóó€sorry€forÐ ¤(ô#' Ðwhat€happened?Ð)à$(` x` x ÐÌIn€a€whisper,€the€defendant€replied,€ð ðMy€God,€yes.ðð€€Officer€Uher€inquired,€ð ðTruthfully,€sorry?ðð€€TheÐ h+¸&* Ðdefendant€reiterated,€ð ðYouððre€damn€right€I€am!ðð€€Officer€Uher€then€explained:€ð ðI€want€you€to€tell€theÐ ° Ðattorneys€that€are€gonna€work€your€case€that€youððre€sorry,€okay.€€Because€youððre€gonna€have€aÐ œì Ðprosecutor€and€your€own€defense€attorney€and€a€judge.€€Those€are€three€attorneys.€€I€want€you€toÐ ˆØ Ðwrite€down€everything€that€happened€and€how€it€happened.ðð€€Upon€hearing€this,€the€defendant€againÐ tÄ Ðstated,€ð ðI€want€to€talk€to€my€sister!ðð€€Officer€Uher€replied,€ð ðYour€sisterððs€not€coming€here€right€now.ðð€Ð `° ÐGesturing€with€his€hand,€the€defendant€emphatically€stated,€ð ðI€want€to€talk€to€my€sister€by€phone!€Ð L œ ÐI€know€my€rights.€I€know€my€rights!ðð€€Officer€Uher€then€replied,€ð ðAnd€is€there€anywhere€in€yourÐ 8 ˆ Ðrights€that€says€we€have€to€allow€you€a€phone€call€to€your€sister?ðð€€The€defendant€replied:€ð ðI€knowÐ $ t Ðmy€rights€under€òòMirandaóó.ðð€€Officer€Uher€acknowledged,€ð ðYouððre€allowed€a€phone€call.ðð€€TheÐ  ` Ðdefendant€reiterated,€ð ðI€know€my€rights€under€òòMirandaóó.ðð€€Officer€Uher€responded,€ð ðWhat€are€theyÐ ü L  ÐBill?€€I€want€you€to€explain€them€to€me.ðð€€Ð è 8  ÐÌà  àApproximately€one„hour€and€twenty„seven€minutes€into€the€interview,€after€the€defendantÐ À  Ðhad€attempted€unsuccessfully€to€enumerate€his€òòMirandaóó€rights,€Officer€Uher€advised€the€defendantÐ ¬ü  Ðof€his€rights.€€After€doing€so,€however,€Officer€Uher€stated:€Ð ˜è  ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àAnd€Iððll€let€you€call€your€sister,€alright.€€Now€Bill€I€want€to€tell€youÐ pÀ Ðsomething.€€Now€is€not€the€time€to€get€irate€over€what€happenedÐ \¬ Ðbecause€you€want€to€know€what€youððre€doing?€€Iððm€gonna€explainÐ H˜ Ðsomething€to€you.€€Youððre€not€showing€me€that€youððre€sorry€for€whatÐ 4„ Ðhappened€to€your€mom.€€Youððre€showing€me€somebody€thatððs€full€ofÐ  p Ðbottled„up€anger.€€Do€you€understand€that?Ð \` x` x ÐÌ€When€the€defendant€replied,€ð ðI€feel€like€Iððm€in€a€damn€nightmare,€and€I€canððt€wake€up.ðð€€OfficerÐ ä4 ÐUher€replied:Ð Ð  ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àYouððve€been€living€it€a€long€time,€havenððt€you€Bill?€€Havenððt€you?€Ð ¨ø ÐI€know€you€have,€and€I€feel€for€you,€okay.€€€Iððm€the€one€whoððs€sittingÐ ”ä Ðhere€trying€to€help€you,€okay.€.€.€.€€I€donððt€think€you€planned€this.€€YouÐ €Ð Ðdidnððt€plan€this€for€two€weeks,€did€you?€€No!€€It€just€happened,€Bill.Ð l¼ ÐLike€you€said€you€went€Ô_ÔnutsoÔ_Ô€[sic]€for€a€minute,€okay.€€You€lost€it,Ð X ¨ Ðisnððt€that€what€you€said?€€Then€give€me€a€statement,€thatððs€all€I€askÐ D!” Ðyou€to€do.€Youððve€already€given€me€a€statement.€€Youððve€alreadyÐ 0"€  Ðtalked€to€me,€but€I€want€it€on€paper.Ð#l!` x` x ÐÌ€The€defendant€again€asked,€ð ðBut€what€will€happen€to€me€if€I€do€that?ðð€€Officer€Uher€replied,Ð ô$D # Ðð ðNothing€more€than€will€happen€if€you€donððt.€€The€only€thing€that€can€happen€is€that€statement€willÐ à%0!$ Ðhelp€you.ððÐ Ì&"% ÐÌà  àAfter€summarizing€his€understanding€of€the€defendantððs€verbal€statement,€Officer€Uher€urgedÐ ¤(ô#' Ðthe€defendant€to€provide€a€written€statement,€admonishing€the€defendant:Ð )à$( ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àIf€you€donððt,€do€you€know€what€it€looks€like?€You€planned€to€killÐ h+¸&* Ðyour€mom€and€almost€got€away€with€it.€€Now€its€up€to€you.€€Give€meÐ ° Ðthe€statement.€€You€can€make€the€phone€calls.€€You€can€call€yourÐ œì Ðlawyer.€€You€can€do€whatever€you€want.€€You€can€call€your€sister.€Ð ˆØ ÐWhatever.€€Are€you€willing€to€give€me€a€statement?ÐtÄ` x` x ÐÌ€The€defendant€indicated€his€willingness€to€provide€a€written€statement€by€requesting€paper.€€€TheÐ L œ Ðofficers€provided€the€paper,€and€before€leaving€the€room,€Officer€Uher€cautioned€the€defendant,Ð 8 ˆ Ðð ðBill,€look€at€me.€€This€is€the€most€important€thing.€€Donððt€make€up€any€lies€in€this€statement.ðð€Ð $ t ÐOfficer€Uher€warned,€ð ðIf€this€case€ended€up€in€a€courtroom,€if€they€proved€youððre€lying,€it€isnððt€gonnaÐ  ` Ðhelp€you.€€Do€you€understand€that?ðð€€The€defendant€then€asked,€ð ðI€just€want€to€know€whatððs€gonnaÐ ü L  Ðhappen€to€me?ðð€€Again,€Officer€Uher€advised€the€defendant€that€he€would€have€to€go€to€jail,€butÐ è 8  Ðpossibly€would€be€released€on€bond.€Ð Ô$  ÐÌà  àWhen€the€officers€returned€to€the€room€approximately€fifteen€minutes€later,€Officer€Uher€readÐ ¬ü  Ðaloud€the€defendantððs€statement.€€Officer€Uher€disagreed€with€that€portion€of€the€statement€whichÐ ˜è  Ðindicated€the€defendant€was€cleaning€up€his€mother€when€he€grabbed€his€motherððs€neck.€€When€theÐ „Ô  Ðdefendant€asked€Officer€Uher€to€ð ðtellðð€him€what€to€say,€Officer€Uher€refused,€stating:Ð pÀ ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àIððm€not€gonna€tell€you€what€to€say.€€Iððm€not€gonna€tell€you€what€toÐ H˜ Ðsay.€€You€told€me€that€you€snapped.€€You€said€that€you€snapped,€andÐ 4„ Ðyou€stood€€up€and€grabbed€my€arm€like€you€grabbed€her€neck.€€IððmÐ  p Ðnot€gonna€tell€you€what€to€say.€€I€want€you€to€make€sure€youððre€notÐ  \ Ðlying€and€tell€me€the€truth.ÐøH` x` x ÐÌOfficer€Uher€then€inquired€of€the€defendant:€ð ðWas€she€lying€down?ðð€and€ð ðAre€you€sorry€for€whatÐ Ð  Ðhappened?ðð€€Officer€Uher€advised,€ð ðYou€need€to€write€it€down.€€Put€your€initials€at€the€end€of€it.ðð€Ð ¼  ÐOfficer€Boucher€then€left€the€roomÐ ¨ø ÐÌà  àAt€this€point,€approximately€one€hour€and€fifty€minutes€into€the€interview,€appearing€listlessÐ €Ð Ðand€exhausted,€the€defendant€again€asked€Officer€Uher,€ð ðWhat€point€do€I€have€to€live?ðð€€Officer€UherÐ l¼ Ðresponded:€ð ðSign€right€here.ðð€€The€defendant€countered:€ð ðBefore€I€do,€please€tell€me€what€reasonsÐ X ¨ ÐI€have€to€live?ðð€€Officer€Uher€replied:€Ð D!” ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àYouððve€got€a€lot€of€reasons€to€live.€€We€all€make€mistakes€Bill.€€NotÐ #l! Ðeverybody€has€been€through€what€youððve€been€through.€€Do€youÐ $X" Ðunderstand€that?€€Itððs€not€easy€my€friend.€€What€youððve€been€goingÐ ô$D # Ðthrough€for€several€years€with€your€mom€is€not€easy.Ðà%0!$` x` x ÐÌThe€defendant€appeared€to€be€crying€when€he€signed€and€initialed€the€statement.€€As€the€interviewÐ ¸'#& Ðconcluded€at€9:46€p.m.,€the€defendant€again€asked:€ð ðPlease€let€me€talk€to€my€sister.ðð€€The€officersÐ ¤(ô#' Ðagreed,€but€they€told€the€defendant€he€would€not€be€left€alone€to€make€the€telephone€call.€€TheÐ )à$( Ðofficers€checked€the€defendant€for€weapons€and€then€left€the€room,€concluding€the€video€recording.Ð |*Ì%) ÐÐ h+¸&* Їà@<<ìàò òòòIV.€€Custodial€Interrogationóóó óˆÐ ° Ðà  àThe€Fifth€Amendment€to€the€United€States€Constitution€provides€that€ð ð[Ô_Ôn]oÔ_Ô€person€.€.€.€€shallÐ œì Ðbe€compelled€in€any€criminal€case€to€be€a€witness€against€himself.ðð׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€In€òòMiranda€v.€Arizonaóó,€384€U.S.Ð ˆØ Ð436€(1966),€the€United€States€Supreme€Court€concluded€that€in€the€context€of€ð ðcustodialÐ tÄ Ðinterrogationðð€certain€procedural€safeguards€are€necessary€to€safeguard€this€privilege€againstÐ `° Ðcompulsory€self„incrimination.€€òòId.óó€at€444.€€More€specifically,€the€Court€held€that€ð ðthe€prosecutionÐ L œ Ðmay€not€use€statements,€whether€exculpatory€or€inculpatory,€stemming€from€custodial€interrogationÐ 8 ˆ Ðof€the€defendant€unless€it€demonstrates€the€use€of€procedural€safeguards€effective€to€secure€theÐ $ t Ðprivilege€against€self„incrimination.ðð€€òòId.óó€€Those€safeguards€included€the€now€familiar€òòMirandaóóÐ  ` Ðwarnings€ð!ð€namely,€that€the€suspect€be€informed€ð ðthat€he€has€the€right€to€remain€silent,€that€anythingÐ ü L  Ðhe€says€can€be€used€against€him€in€a€court€of€law,€that€he€has€the€right€to€the€presence€of€an€attorney,Ð è 8  Ðand€that€if€he€cannot€afford€an€attorney€one€will€be€appointed€for€him€prior€to€any€questioning€if€heÐ Ô$  Ðso€desires.ðð€€òòId.óó€at€479.€€If€the€police€fail€to€provide€these€warnings,€any€statement€obtained€as€a€resultÐ À  Ðof€custodial€interrogation€will€not€be€admissible€at€trial€during€the€prosecutionððs€case„in„chief,€evenÐ ¬ü  Ðif€the€statement€is€otherwise€voluntary.Ô_Ô׃W×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú5Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ô_Ô€€The€òòMirandaóó€Court€was€concerned€that€the€ð ðinterrogationÐ ˜è  Ðenvironmentðð€created€by€interrogation€and€custody€would€ð ðsubjugate€the€individual€to€the€will€of€hisÐ „Ô  Ðexaminerðð€so€as€to€€undermine€the€privilege€against€compulsory€self„incrimination.€€òòId.óó€at€457„58.€Ð pÀ ÐThe€United€States€Supreme€Court€recently€reaffirmed€that€ð ðòòMirandaóó€and€its€progeny€.€.€.€govern€theÐ \¬ Ðadmissibility€of€statements€made€during€custodial€interrogation€in€both€state€and€federal€courts.ðð€Ð H˜ ÐòòÔ_ÔDickersonÔ_Ô€v.€United€Statesóó,€530€U.S.€428,€432€(2000);€òòsee€alsoóó€òòState€v.€Waltonóó,€41€S.W.3d€75,€82Ð 4„ Ð(Tenn.€2001).€€Consequently,€if€the€defendantððs€statement€resulted€from€custodial€interrogation,€theÐ  p Ðstatement€must€be€excluded€from€evidence€because€the€police€failed€to€provide€theòò€óódefendantÐ  \ ÐòòMirandaóó€warnings.€€òòOregon€v.€Ô_ÔElstadÔ_Ôóó,€470€U.S.€298,€307€(1985);€òòWaltonóó,€41€S.W.3d€at€86.€Ð øH ÐÌà  àòòMirandaóó€defined€ð ðcustodial€interrogationðð€as€ð ðquestioning€initiated€by€law€enforcementÐ Ð  Ðofficers€after€a€person€has€been€taken€into€custody€or€otherwise€deprived€of€his€freedom€of€actionÐ ¼  Ðin€any€significant€way.ðð€€òòMirandaóó,€384€U.S.€at€444.€€Thereafter,€the€United€States€Supreme€Court€hasÐ ¨ø Ðexplained€that€ð ðinterrogationðð€refers€not€only€to€express€questioning€but€also€to€any€words,€actions,Ð ”ä Ðor€practices€that€the€police€should€know€are€reasonably€likely€to€elicit€incriminating€information€fromÐ €Ð Ða€suspect.€€òòRhode€Island€v.€Ô_ÔInnisÔ_Ôóó,€446€U.S.€291,€301€(1980);€òòsee€alsoóó€òòWaltonóó,€41€S.W.3d€at€85.€€ThatÐ l¼ Ðthe€defendant€was€interrogated€concerning€his€motherððs€death€is€not€at€issue€in€this€appeal.€€TheÐ X ¨ Ðdefendant€clearly€was€interrogated,€both€by€express€questioning€and€by€words,€actions,€and€practicesÐ D!” Ðreasonably€likely€to€elicit€incriminating€information,€indeed€òòdesignedóó€and€òòintendedóó€to€elicitÐ 0"€  Ðincriminating€information.Ð #l! ÐÌà  àThe€disputed€issue€in€this€appeal€is€whether€the€defendant€was€ð ðin€custodyðð€at€the€time€of€theÐ ô$D # Ðpolice€interrogation.€€To€resolve€this€issue,€we€consider€ð ðwhether,€under€the€totality€of€theÐ à%0!$ Ðcircumstances,€a€reasonable€person€in€the€suspectððs€position€would€consider€himself€or€herselfÐ Ì&"% Ðdeprived€of€freedom€of€movement€to€a€degree€associated€with€a€formal€arrest.ðð€€òòState€v.€Andersonóó,Ð ° Ð937€S.W.2d€851,€855€(Tenn.€1996).€€This€test€is€ð ðobjective€from€the€viewpoint€of€the€suspect,€andÐ œì Ðthe€unarticulated,€subjective€view€of€law€enforcement€officials€that€the€individual€being€questionedÐ ˆØ Ðis€or€is€not€a€suspect€does€not€bear€upon€the€question.ðð€€òòId.óó€€Factors€relevant€to€this€objectiveÐ tÄ Ðassessment€include:Ð `° ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àthe€time€and€location€of€the€interrogation;€the€duration€and€characterÐ 8 ˆ Ðof€the€questioning;€the€officerððs€tone€of€voice€and€general€demeanor;Ð $ t Ðthe€suspectððs€method€of€transportation€to€the€place€of€questioning;€theÐ  ` Ðnumber€of€police€officers€present;€any€limitation€on€movement€orÐ ü L  Ðother€form€of€restraint€imposed€on€the€suspect€during€theÐ è 8  Ðinterrogation;€any€interactions€between€the€officer€and€the€suspect,Ð Ô$  Ðincluding€the€words€spoken€by€the€officer€to€the€suspect,€and€theÐ À  Ðsuspectððs€verbal€or€nonverbal€responses;€the€extent€to€which€theÐ ¬ü  Ðsuspect€is€confronted€with€the€law€enforcement€officerððs€suspicionsÐ ˜è  Ðof€guilt€or€evidence€of€guilt;€and€finally,€the€extent€to€which€theÐ „Ô  Ðsuspect€is€made€aware€that€he€or€she€is€free€to€refrain€from€answeringÐ pÀ Ðquestions€or€to€end€the€interview€at€will.€Ð\¬` x` x ÐòòId.óóÐ H˜ ÐÌà  àWith€these€factors€in€mind,€we€turn€to€the€record€in€this€case.€€Officer€Uher€contacted€theÐ  p Ðdefendant€and€scheduled€the€interrogation€for€early€evening,€7:00€to€7:20€p.m.€€The€defendant€agreedÐ  \ Ðto€talk€to€the€police,€and€he€apparently€drove€himself€to€the€police€station.€€The€defendant€was€notÐ øH Ðpatted€down,€frisked,€handcuffed,€or€touched€in€any€way€upon€his€arrival€at€the€police€station.€€HeÐ ä4 Ðwas€escorted€to€the€small€interview€room€by€two€officers.€€Approximately€thirty€seconds€into€theÐ Ð  Ðinterrogation,€Officer€Uher€advised€the€defendant€that€he€did€not€have€to€come€into€the€police€station,Ð ¼  Ðthat€he€did€not€have€to€talk€to€the€police,€and€that€the€police€appreciated€him€talking€to€them.€€BothÐ ¨ø Ðofficers€remained€in€the€small€interview€room€for€practically€the€entire€interrogation,€with€OfficerÐ ”ä ÐBoucher€briefly€leaving€the€room€twice,€once€to€bring€the€defendant€water€and€once€to€retrieve€paperÐ €Ð Ðfor€the€defendantððs€written€statement.€€When€the€interview€began€(Phase€I),€the€officers€appearedÐ l¼ Ðempathetic€and€courteous,€listening€as€the€defendant€recounted€the€events€of€the€day€of€the€fire.€Ð X ¨ ÐOfficer€Uher€sat€at€the€desk,€near€the€defendant,€while€Officer€Boucher€sat€near€the€center€of€theÐ D!” Ðroom.€€During€this€portion€of€the€interview,€neither€officer€blocked€the€defendantððs€access€to€theÐ 0"€  Ðdoor.Ð #l! ÐÌà  àWhen€the€officers€returned€to€the€room€after€the€first€short€break€(Phase€II),€however,€the€toneÐ ô$D # Ðof€the€interview€changed,€as€did€the€officersððs€location€in€the€room.€€Officer€Uher€stood€near€andÐ à%0!$ Ðsomewhat€over€the€defendant€for€much€of€this€portion€of€the€interview.€€Furthermore,€OfficerÐ Ì&"% ÐBoucher€moved€his€chair€so€that€it€was€closer€to€the€defendant€and€partially€blocking€the€defendantððsÐ ¸'#& Ðaccess€to€the€door.€€Officer€Boucher€also€sat€forward€in€his€chair,€leaning€toward€the€defendant.€Ð ¤(ô#' ÐOfficer€Ô_ÔUherÔ_Ôððs€tone€of€voice€and€demeanor€were€more€demanding€€and€accusatory€during€this€portionÐ )à$( Ðof€the€interview,€and€€Officer€Uher€confronted€the€defendant€with€his€own€suspicions€which€were,Ð |*Ì%) ÐOfficer€Uher€claimed,€also€shared€by€other€police€investigators,€fire€department€and€arsonÐ h+¸&* Ðinvestigators,€and€forensic€investigators€at€the€University€of€Tennessee.€€Officer€Uher€ignored€theÐ ° Ðdefendantððs€requests€to€speak€with€his€sister.€€In€fact,€whenever€the€defendant€made€such€requestsÐ œì Ðor€maintained€his€innocence,€Officer€Uher€raised€his€voice€at€the€defendant,€pressured€the€defendantÐ ˆØ Ðto€ð ðtalk€to€me,€talk€to€me€now,ðð€and€threatened€the€defendant,€saying€things€like€ð ðyou€wonððt€likeÐ tÄ Ðwhat€it€looks€likeðð€and€ð ðtell€me€about€it€so€it€doesnððt€look€like€you€intentionally€killed€your€mom.ðð€Ð `° ÐAt€no€time€after€the€first€minute€of€the€more€than€two„hour€interrogation€did€the€officers€advise€theÐ L œ Ðdefendant€that€he€was€free€to€refrain€from€answering€questions€or€to€end€the€interview.€€During€theÐ 8 ˆ Ðsecond€break,€the€defendant€attempted€to€leave€the€interview€room€three€times,€but€he€was€unableÐ $ t Ðto€do€so.€€Although€the€officersððs€comments€upon€returning€to€the€room€implied€that€the€door€hadÐ  ` Ðbeen€stuck,€not€locked,€the€fact€remains€that€the€defendant€tried€three€times€to€open€the€door€and€wasÐ ü L  Ðunable€to€do€so.€€€Ð è 8  ÐÌà  àWhen€the€interview€resumed€after€the€second€and€final€break€(Phase€III),€the€officers€againÐ À  Ðfailed€to€advise€the€defendant€that€he€was€free€to€leave.€€Office€Uher€resumed€the€questioning,Ð ¬ü  Ðaccusatory,€insistent,€and€combative€in€€tone,€often€raising€his€voice€and€hovering€over€the€defendantÐ ˜è  Ðwith€the€bulk€of€his€body.€€Again€Officer€Uher€confronted€the€defendant€with€his€suspicions€of€guiltÐ „Ô  Ðand€with€evidence€that€Officer€Uher€claimed€implicated€the€defendant.€€€In€fact,€some€of€the€evidenceÐ pÀ ÐOfficer€Uher€mentioned,€such€as€the€finger€and€thumb€print€evidence,€allegedly€€recovered€by€aÐ \¬ Ðmachine€that€used€super€glue,€simply€did€not€exist.€€When€the€defendant€insisted€that€he€wanted€toÐ H˜ Ðspeak€with€his€sister,€Officer€Uher€became€angry,€struck€the€table,€and€yelled.€€Even€after€advisingÐ 4„ Ðthe€defendant€that€he€was€in€custody€and€no€longer€free€to€leave,€Officer€Uher€delayed€advising€theÐ  p Ðdefendant€of€his€òòMirandaóó€rights€until€the€defendant€again€asked€to€telephone€his€sister.€€After€finallyÐ  \ Ðadvising€the€defendant€of€his€òòMirandaóó€rights,€Officer€Uher€insisted€that€the€defendant€provide€aÐ øH Ðwritten€statement€before€telephoning€his€sister.€€€Considering€the€totality€of€the€circumstances€in€thisÐ ä4 Ðcase,€we€conclude€that€a€reasonable€person€in€the€defendantððs€position€would€have€consideredÐ Ð  Ðhimself€deprived€of€freedom€of€movement€to€a€degree€associated€with€a€formal€arrest€at€the€latestÐ ¼  Ðwhen€the€interview€resumed€after€the€first€break€(Phase€II).€€At€this€point,€the€demeanor,€tone,€andÐ ¨ø Ðquestioning€markedly€changed,€as€did€the€officersððs€physical€locations€in€the€room.€€Not€surprisingly,Ð ”ä Ðthe€defendant€made€all€of€the€incriminating€statements€after€this€point€in€the€interrogation.Ð €Ð ÐÌà  àRegardless€of€the€Stateððs€argument€to€the€contrary,€the€facts€and€circumstances€of€this€caseÐ X ¨ Ðare€distinguishable€in€at€least€three€crucial€respects€from€the€facts€and€circumstances€in€òòÔ_ÔMunnÔ_Ôóó,€whereÐ D!” Ðthis€Court€concluded€the€defendant€was€not€in€custody.€€First,€the€defendant€in€òòÔ_ÔMunnÔ_Ôóó,€was€advisedÐ 0"€  Ðð ðthroughout€the€interview€that€he€was€not€under€arrest€and€was€free€to€leave€at€any€time.ðð€€56€S.W.3dÐ #l! Ðat€499.€€In€this€case,€the€defendant€was€only€once€€advised€that€he€was€free€to€leave€ð!ð€thirty€secondsÐ $X" Ðinto€the€more€than€two„hour€interview.€€Secondly,€in€òòÔ_ÔMunnÔ_Ôóó€the€defendantððs€parents€were€eitherÐ ô$D # Ðpresent€in€the€interview€room€or€they€remained€just€outside€the€room€when€the€defendant€was€beingÐ à%0!$ Ðinterviewed€alone,€and€even€then,€they€were€allowed€to€enter€the€room€if€they€chose€to€do€so.€€òòId.óó€Ð Ì&"% ÐHere,€the€defendant€was€isolated€and€denied€the€opportunity€to€telephone€his€sister,€even€when€heÐ ¸'#& Ðspecifically€asked€to€do€so.€€Finally,€even€after€he€had€confessed€to€killing€his€roommate,€theÐ ¤(ô#' Ðdefendant€in€òòÔ_ÔMunnÔ_Ôóó€believed€he€would€be€able€to€go€home€with€his€parents€and€return€to€the€policeÐ )à$( Ðstation€the€following€Monday.€€òòId.óó€€Here,€nothing€in€the€record€indicates€that€the€defendant€believedÐ |*Ì%) Ðhe€was€free€to€leave.€€To€the€contrary,€in€this€case€the€totality€of€the€circumstances€clearly€indicateÐ h+¸&* Ðthat€a€reasonable€person€in€the€suspectððs€position€would€not€have€considered€himself€free€to€leave.€Ð ° ÐThis€Court€pointed€out€in€òòAndersonóó€that€determining€whether€a€suspect€is€in€custody€and€entitled€toÐ œì ÐòòMirandaóó€warnings€is€ð ða€very€fact€specific€inquiry.ðð€€937€S.W.2d€at€855.€€Unlike€òòÔ_ÔMunnÔ_Ôóó,€the€facts€ofÐ ˆØ Ðthis€case€demonstrate,€as€the€majority€of€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€concluded,€that€the€defendantÐ tÄ Ðwas€in€custody€and€entitled€to€òòMirandaóó€warnings€at€the€latest€when€the€interview€resumed€followingÐ `° Ðthe€first€break€(Phase€II).€€Therefore,€the€majority€of€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€properlyÐ L œ Ðconcluded€that€the€defendantððs€inculpatory€statements€stemming€from€custodial€interrogation€shouldÐ 8 ˆ Ðbe€suppressed.Ð $ t ÐÌÌÌà@  %ìàòòò òConclusionóóó óˆÐ Ô$  Ðà  àBased€upon€the€foregoing€analysis,€we€affirm€in€part€the€decision€of€the€Court€of€CriminalÐ À  ÐAppeals€which€suppressed€the€defendantððs€statements€and€vacated€his€convictions.€€However,Ð ¬ü  Ðbecause€the€entire€interview€need€not€be€suppressed,€we€reverse€the€Court€of€Criminal€AppealsððsÐ ˜è  Ðdecision€insofar€as€it€dismissed€the€charges€against€the€defendant€and€remand€this€case€to€the€trialÐ „Ô  Ðcourt€for€further€proceedings€consistent€with€this€decision.€Costs€of€this€appeal€are€taxed€to€the€StateÐ pÀ Ðof€Tennessee,€for€which€execution€may€issue€if€necessary.Ð \¬ Ðò òó óÌÌà  àà ` àÌÌÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À à____________________________________Ð ä4 Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àFRANK€F.€Ô_ÔDROWOTAÔ_Ô€III,Ð Ð  Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àCHIEF€JUSTICEò òó ó