An individual seeks review of an order of protection prohibiting him from contacting a mental health provider. Because the order of protection has expired, the case is moot.

This appeal presents the issue of how the legalization of hemp affects a probable cause analysis where law enforcement relied, in part, on a positive alert from a drug-sniffing canine incapable of differentiating between the smell of legal hemp and illegal marijuana. After initiating a routine traffic stop, law enforcement conducted an open-air sniff using a drug-sniffing canine. Based on the canine’s positive alert on the vehicle, combined with other facts observed by the officer, law enforcement searched the vehicle without a warrant pursuant to the automobile exception to the warrant requirement. The search revealed the following items inside a backpack: one ounce of marijuana, a loaded handgun, Ziploc bags, and a scale. The defendant, a passenger in the vehicle, was indicted for possession of marijuana with intent to manufacture, sell, or deliver; possession of a firearm with intent to go armed during the commission of a dangerous felony; and possession of drug paraphernalia. The defendant filed a motion to suppress, arguing that the canine sweep could not provide probable cause because the canine could not distinguish between the smell of legalized hemp and illegal marijuana. The trial court granted the motion to suppress and dismissed the charges against the defendant. The Court of Criminal Appeals reversed by holding that the smell of illegal marijuana provides law enforcement with probable cause to search a vehicle. Alternatively, the intermediate court held that law enforcement possessed probable cause based on the totality of the circumstances. The defendant appealed to this Court, and we granted review. First, we clarify that State v. England, 19 S.W.3d 762 (Tenn. 2000), does not provide a per se rule of probable cause based on a positive indication from a drug-sniffing dog. Rather, England provides for an examination of the totality of the circumstances. Second, we hold that a positive indication from a drug-sniffing canine may continue to contribute to a finding of probable cause when examining the totality of the circumstances, notwithstanding the legalization of hemp. After examining the totality of the circumstances in this case, we conclude that law enforcement possessed probable cause to search the vehicle. As a result, we affirm the judgment of the Court of Criminal Appeals reinstating the indictments against the defendant and remanding for further proceedings.

Gov. Bill Lee recently announced the appointment of two Tennessee attorneys to the state Higher Education Commission (THEC). Will Perry, an attorney at Butler Snow in Memphis and a former TBA Board of Governors member, and John Rader, a Cookeville native and chief of staff for Sen. Bill Hagerty, will serve on the commission through June 30, 2029. The THEC was created in 1967 by the Tennessee General Assembly to achieve coordination and foster unity concerning higher education in Tennessee. The commission develops, implements and evaluates post-secondary education policies and programs in Tennessee while coordinating the state’s systems of higher education.

Joyce Cassandra Broffitt, former Shelby County Criminal Court judge, died Aug. 23. She graduated from Rhodes College and received her law degree from the University of Memphis Cecil. C. Humphreys School of Law. While in law school, Broffitt worked as a pretrial counselor with Shelby County pretrial services from 1983 to 1988. From 1989 to 1996, she served as the assistant district attorney for Shelby County District Attorney's Office. In 1996, she was appointed as criminal court judge for General Sessions Division Nine and served there until her retirement in 2014. She also served as the judge for the Tennessee Court of the Judiciary. Services will be held Aug. 30 at 10 a.m. CDT with public visitation beginning at 9 a.m. at Serenity Funeral Home, 1638 Sycamore View Rd., Memphis 38134. Interment will immediately follow at the Doggett Family Cemetery, TN-59 N, Mason 38049. In lieu of flowers, memorial gifts be made to St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, LeBonheur Children's Hospital, Rhodes College or Youth Villages.

The Tennessee Republican Party has postponed Oak Ridge Rep. John Ragan’s request to challenge his August primary loss to former Clinton police chief Rick Scarbrough, reports the Tennessee Lookout. A special-called meeting is tentatively scheduled for Sept. 7 and may take place virtually, pending approval from the Tennessee comptroller and secretary of state and despite Ragan's opposition to the "validity" of decisions made during virtual meetings. Ragan lost his Aug. 1 primary race to Scarbrough by 258 votes and days later alleged that Democrats cast "crossover" votes in the Republican primary with the purpose of defeating him.

Warren & Griffin, one of Chattanooga's largest personal injury law firms, has relocated its offices from the Dome Building downtown to the former Brewer Media headquarters at 1305 Carter St., Chattanooga 37402. Partner C. Mark Warren told the Times Free Press, "We've just outgrown our space in the Dome Building, so when we heard about this space, we jumped on it ... this is a great location and gives us room to continue to grow in our hometown."

One day after Tennessee legislators threatened to withhold sales tax revenue funds from Memphis and Secretary of State Tre Hargett said his office would not approve a ballot that included a city referendum on gun control, the Shelby County Election Commission announced it would not add those questions to the Nov. 5 ballot. The Commercial Appeal reports that county Election Commissioner Mark Luttrell said State Coordinator of Elections Mark Goins instructed the commission to not allow the ballot referendums on the ballot. The Memphis City Council previously had approved three ballot questions on gun control that, if approved, would amend the city's charter. Luttrell said that litigation is anticipated, and election commissioners would not be allowed to answer questions related to the matter.

U.S. District Judge Waverly D. Crenshaw on Monday ruled that Tennessee's Medicaid program "TennCare" unlawfully terminated health care coverage for thousands of Tennesseans, concluding a four-year-long class-action lawsuit, reports the Tennessean. The court ruled that the state violated the Constitution, federal Medicaid law and federal protections for people with disabilities, stating that "poor, disabled and otherwise disadvantaged Tennesseans should not require luck, perseverance or zealous lawyering to receive health care benefits they are entitled to under the law." Michele Johnson, the Tennessee Justice Center’s executive director, said in a release, “We are proud to have stood with the courageous families that brought the case in order to protect the health coverage of many thousands of their neighbors across the state. We will continue to fight as this case moves forward.”

At its fall meeting on Sept. 28, the TBA Board of Governors will vote on proposed amendments to the association’s bylaws. The changes, recommended by the board’s Operations Committee, would update the office address of the TBA (Section 1), update the method of delivering notices of meetings (Sections 8 and 20), clarify what constitutes a quorum for Board of Governors meetings (Section 12), and modify the process for the election of officers and governors (Sections 40, 41, 42, 43, 44 and 46). Download a redline version that shows the proposed changes. Comments on the changes should be submitted prior to the fall meeting via email to barED@tnbar.org.

The Tennessee Supreme Court has ruled that an alert from a trained drug-sniffing dog can be considered an element of probable cause for a search even though the dog cannot tell the difference between illegal marijuana and legal hemp. The decision stems from a February 2020 traffic stop during which an officer smelled a strong odor in the car and a drug dog "alerted" on the presence of drugs. A passenger's backpack was confiscated and found to contain one ounce of marijuana, a loaded firearm, Ziploc bags and a working scale. The passenger was charged with, among other things, possession of marijuana with intent to sell and possession of a firearm with intent to go armed during a dangerous felony. The defendant attempted to have the backpack's contents excluded from evidence, arguing that the dog could not tell the difference between illegal marijuana and hemp. The trial court agreed and suppressed the evidence. The state appealed and the Court of Criminal Appeals reversed, finding the dog's alert provided sufficient cause for the search. The Supreme Court agreed that there was sufficient cause for the search but clarified that the dog's alert did not on its own justify law enforcement's actions. Rather, it found that the totality of the circumstances, including the dog's alert and other suspicious elements, gave the officers probable cause.